问题
I am writing a code in python that exploits a Fortran 90 optimization algorithm. The idea is to have the MAIN routine in python that calls the algorithm in Fortran that calls another python function passing some parameters in order to calculate the value of an objective function (that is, it returns a scalar), like this:
[Python) MAIN ⇒ [Fortran] BB_algo ⇒ [Python] FUNCT
Such problem should be solved by using the f2py libraries in python. In order to try to make such method work I have written some simpler code that makes similar operations.
The Fortran subroutine is called writepy:
subroutine writepy(funct,n)
implicit none
real, EXTERNAL :: funct
INTEGER :: I,n
REAL*8 :: r
!f2py intent(in), n
!f2py intent(out), r
!f2py real y
!f2py y=funct(y)
r = 1D0
DO I=1,5
write(*,*) 'funct:', funct(n)
r = r + funct(n)
ENDDO
return
end
while the code in Python is the following:
import os
os.system("f2py -m wp -c writepy.f90")
import wp
def funct(n):
print(n);
return n
if __name__ == '__main__':
n=3;
wp.writepy(funct,n)
Fortran compiles well with gfortran, but when I try to compile it with f2py it seems that there are some errors with the wrapper in C of Fortran, but I do not really know what to do at this point.
I get the following:
running build
running config_cc
unifing config_cc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --compiler options
running config_fc
unifing config_fc, config, build_clib, build_ext, build commands --fcompiler options
running build_src
build_src
building extension "wp" sources
f2py options: []
f2py:> /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5
Reading fortran codes...
Reading file 'writepy.f90' (format:free)
{'after': '(in), n', 'before': '', 'this': 'intent'}
Line #12 in writepy.f90:" intent(in), n"
analyzeline: no name pattern found in intent statement for ''. Skipping.
{'after': '(out), r', 'before': '', 'this': 'intent'}
Line #13 in writepy.f90:" intent(out), r"
analyzeline: no name pattern found in intent statement for ''. Skipping.
Post-processing...
Block: wp
Block: writepy
Post-processing (stage 2)...
Building modules...
Building module "wp"...
Constructing wrapper function "writepy"...
sign2map: Confused: external funct is not in lcb_map[].
append_needs: unknown need 'funct'
append_needs: unknown need 'funct'
writepy(funct,n,[funct_extra_args])
Wrote C/API module "wp" to file "/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c"
adding '/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.c' to sources.
adding '/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5' to include_dirs.
copying /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/f2py/src/fortranobject.c -> /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5
copying /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/f2py/src/fortranobject.h -> /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5
build_src: building npy-pkg config files
running build_ext
customize UnixCCompiler
customize UnixCCompiler using build_ext
customize Gnu95FCompiler
Found executable /usr/bin/gfortran
customize Gnu95FCompiler
customize Gnu95FCompiler using build_ext
building 'wp' extension
compiling C sources
C compiler: /usr/bin/clang -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -Wunreachable-code -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/include -arch x86_64
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var/folders
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var/folders/4q
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm
creating /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5
compile options: '-I/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5 -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/include/python3.5m -c'
clang: /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.c
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.c:2:
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:18:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1788:
/Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:15:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " "#defining NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " \
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.c:139:18: warning: comparison of integers of different signs: 'Py_ssize_t' (aka 'long') and 'unsigned long' [-Wsign-compare]
if (size < sizeof(notalloc)) {
~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
2 warnings generated.
clang: /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:18:
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:18:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1788:
/Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:15:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " "#defining NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " \
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:277:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_typedef'
funct_typedef funct_cptr;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:293:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
funct_cptr = F2PyCapsule_AsVoidPtr(funct_capi);
^~~~~~~~~~
funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:273:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:295:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
funct_cptr = funct;
^~~~~~~~~~
funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:273:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:295:16: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct'
funct_cptr = funct;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:298:24: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
funct_nofargs_capi = funct_nofargs;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:299:50: error: expected expression
if (create_cb_arglist(funct_capi,funct_xa_capi,#maxnofargs#,#nofoptargs#,&funct_nofargs,&funct_args_capi,"failed in processing argument list for call-back funct.")) {
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:313:22: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
(*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n);
^~~~~~~~~~
funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:273:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:313:22: warning: incompatible pointer types passing 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to parameter of type 'float *' [-Wincompatible-pointer-types]
(*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n);
^~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:332:16: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to itself [-Wself-assign]
funct_capi = funct_capi;
~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:334:21: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyTupleObject *' to itself [-Wself-assign]
funct_args_capi = funct_args_capi;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:335:5: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
funct_nofargs = funct_nofargs_capi;
^
4 warnings and 8 errors generated.
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:18:
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:18:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1788:
/Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:15:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " "#defining NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " \
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:277:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_typedef'
funct_typedef funct_cptr;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:293:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
funct_cptr = F2PyCapsule_AsVoidPtr(funct_capi);
^~~~~~~~~~
funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:273:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:295:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
funct_cptr = funct;
^~~~~~~~~~
funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:273:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:295:16: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct'
funct_cptr = funct;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:298:24: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
funct_nofargs_capi = funct_nofargs;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:299:50: error: expected expression
if (create_cb_arglist(funct_capi,funct_xa_capi,#maxnofargs#,#nofoptargs#,&funct_nofargs,&funct_args_capi,"failed in processing argument list for call-back funct.")) {
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:313:22: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
(*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n);
^~~~~~~~~~
funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:273:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:313:22: warning: incompatible pointer types passing 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to parameter of type 'float *' [-Wincompatible-pointer-types]
(*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n);
^~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:332:16: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to itself [-Wself-assign]
funct_capi = funct_capi;
~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:334:21: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyTupleObject *' to itself [-Wself-assign]
funct_args_capi = funct_args_capi;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:335:5: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
funct_nofargs = funct_nofargs_capi;
^
4 warnings and 8 errors generated.
error: Command "/usr/bin/clang -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -Wunreachable-code -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/include -arch x86_64 -I/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5 -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/include/python3.5m -c /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c -o /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpi34fejrm/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.o" failed with exit status 1
Edit
Thanks to @DavidW's answer the code now works, but if I try to call the fortran function "writepy" from another function, the error of "use of undeclared identifier" is once again there.
the new Fortran code is
subroutine writepy(funct,n,r)
implicit none
EXTERNAL :: funct
REAL :: funct
INTEGER :: I,n
intent(in):: n
REAL*8 :: r
intent(out) ::r
r = 1D0
DO I=1,5
write(*,*) 'funct:', funct(I)
r = r + funct(n)
ENDDO
return
end
subroutine call_writepy(funct,n,r)
implicit none
EXTERNAL :: funct
REAL :: funct
INTEGER :: n
intent(inout):: n
REAL*8 :: r
intent(inout) ::r
call writepy(funct,n,r)
return
end
it compiles with GFortran, but when I use it with Python I get:
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:431:7: warning: variable 'return_value' is used uninitialized whenever 'if' condition is false [-Wsometimes-uninitialized]
if (capi_j>capi_i)
^~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:446:10: note: uninitialized use occurs here
return return_value;
^~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:431:3: note: remove the 'if' if its condition is always true
if (capi_j>capi_i)
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:363:21: note: initialize the variable 'return_value' to silence this warning
float return_value;
^
= 0.0
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:590:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_typedef'
funct_typedef funct_cptr;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:611:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
funct_cptr = F2PyCapsule_AsVoidPtr(funct_capi);
^~~~~~~~~~
funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:586:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:613:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
funct_cptr = funct;
^~~~~~~~~~
funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:586:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:613:16: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct'
funct_cptr = funct;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:616:24: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
funct_nofargs_capi = funct_nofargs;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:617:50: error: expected expression
if (create_cb_arglist(funct_capi,funct_xa_capi,#maxnofargs#,#nofoptargs#,&funct_nofargs,&funct_args_capi,"failed in processing argument list for call-back funct.")) {
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:634:22: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
(*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n,&r);
^~~~~~~~~~
funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:586:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:634:22: warning: incompatible pointer types passing 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to parameter of type 'float *' [-Wincompatible-pointer-types]
(*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n,&r);
^~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:660:16: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to itself [-Wself-assign]
funct_capi = funct_capi;
~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:662:21: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyTupleObject *' to itself [-Wself-assign]
funct_args_capi = funct_args_capi;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:663:5: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
funct_nofargs = funct_nofargs_capi;
^
5 warnings and 8 errors generated.
routsign2map: Confused: function call_writepy has externals ['funct'] but no "use" statement.
sign2map: Confused: external funct is not in lcb_map[].
append_needs: unknown need 'funct'
append_needs: unknown need 'funct'
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:18:
In file included from /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/fortranobject.h:13:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/arrayobject.h:4:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarrayobject.h:18:
In file included from /Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/ndarraytypes.h:1788:
/Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include/numpy/npy_1_7_deprecated_api.h:15:2: warning: "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " "#defining NPY_NO_DEPRECATED_API NPY_1_7_API_VERSION" [-W#warnings]
#warning "Using deprecated NumPy API, disable it by " \
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:431:7: warning: variable 'return_value' is used uninitialized whenever 'if' condition is false [-Wsometimes-uninitialized]
if (capi_j>capi_i)
^~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:446:10: note: uninitialized use occurs here
return return_value;
^~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:431:3: note: remove the 'if' if its condition is always true
if (capi_j>capi_i)
^~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:363:21: note: initialize the variable 'return_value' to silence this warning
float return_value;
^
= 0.0
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:590:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_typedef'
funct_typedef funct_cptr;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:611:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
funct_cptr = F2PyCapsule_AsVoidPtr(funct_capi);
^~~~~~~~~~
funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:586:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:613:3: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
funct_cptr = funct;
^~~~~~~~~~
funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:586:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:613:16: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct'
funct_cptr = funct;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:616:24: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
funct_nofargs_capi = funct_nofargs;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:617:50: error: expected expression
if (create_cb_arglist(funct_capi,funct_xa_capi,#maxnofargs#,#nofoptargs#,&funct_nofargs,&funct_args_capi,"failed in processing argument list for call-back funct.")) {
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:634:22: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_cptr'; did you mean 'funct_capi'?
(*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n,&r);
^~~~~~~~~~
funct_capi
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:586:13: note: 'funct_capi' declared here
PyObject *funct_capi = Py_None;
^
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:634:22: warning: incompatible pointer types passing 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to parameter of type 'float *' [-Wincompatible-pointer-types]
(*f2py_func)(funct_cptr,&n,&r);
^~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:660:16: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyObject *' (aka 'struct _object *') to itself [-Wself-assign]
funct_capi = funct_capi;
~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:662:21: warning: explicitly assigning a variable of type 'PyTupleObject *' to itself [-Wself-assign]
funct_args_capi = funct_args_capi;
~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ^ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c:663:5: error: use of undeclared identifier 'funct_nofargs'
funct_nofargs = funct_nofargs_capi;
^
5 warnings and 8 errors generated.
error: Command "/usr/bin/clang -Wno-unused-result -Wsign-compare -Wunreachable-code -DNDEBUG -g -fwrapv -O3 -Wall -Wstrict-prototypes -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/include -arch x86_64 -I/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5 -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/lib/python3.5/site-packages/numpy/core/include -I/Users/Valyria/anaconda/include/python3.5m -c /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.c -o /var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/var/folders/4q/g84zdhps5gzbk3t5mfplqjsc0000gn/T/tmpe9wq9teg/src.macosx-10.6-x86_64-3.5/wpmodule.o" failed with exit status 1
256
回答1:
There's a number of little issues that make it not work:
subroutine writepy(funct,n,r)
I've added r to the list of parameters. It compiles without this, but otherwise there's no way of getting r back to Python which I think is what you want based on the intent(out)
implicit none
EXTERNAL :: funct
REAL :: funct
I had to put EXTERNAL and REAL on separate lines. I'm not sure why. This was your main issue.
INTEGER :: I,n
REAL*8 :: r
intent(in) :: n
intent(out) :: r
I've removed the !f2py from the intent lines. You should let Fortran know the intent as well as f2py. (The code still compiles without this change but it makes more sense this way)
I've then deleted your !f2py real y and !f2py y=funct(y) lines. I don't know what they were trying to achieve but I don't think they were valid.
r = 1D0
DO I=1,5
write(*,*) 'funct:', funct(n)
r = r + funct(n)
ENDDO
return
end
The rest is unchanged.
回答2:
The problem is due to the fact that the compiler did not recognize the function "funct" from Python. In order to make the compiler aware of such function and its role, one needs to modify the .pyf file.
The automatically generated .pyf file (with the command f2py writepy.f90 -m wp -h wp.pyf) is the following:
! -*- f90 -*-
! Note: the context of this file is case sensitive.
python module __user__routines
interface writepy_user_interface
function funct(i) ! in :wp:writepy.f90:writepy:unknown_interface
integer :: i
real :: funct
end function funct
end interface writepy_user_interface
end python module __user__routines
python module wp ! in
interface ! in :wp
subroutine writepy(funct,n,r) ! in :wp:writepy.f90
use writepy__user__routines
external funct
integer intent(in) :: n
real*8 intent(out) :: r
end subroutine writepy
subroutine call_writepy(funct,n,r,q) ! in :wp:writepy.f90
external funct
integer intent(inout) :: n
real*8 intent(out) :: r
real*8 intent(out) :: q
end subroutine call_writepy
end interface
end python module wp
! This file was auto-generated with f2py (version:2).
! See http://cens.ioc.ee/projects/f2py2e/
It is easy to notice that f2py recognizes “funct” in the “__user__routines” module. However it does not understand that such function is used in both the subroutines “writepy” and “call_writepy”. This is the source of the error. Therefore the user must modify the .pyf file, adding the command “use __user__routines”, in all the subroutines where “funct” is present as an external object:
! -*- f90 -*-
! Note: the context of this file is case sensitive.
python module __user__routines
interface
function funct(i)
integer :: i
real*8 :: r
end function funct
end interface
end python module __user__routines
python module wp ! in
interface ! in :wp
subroutine writepy(funct,n,r) ! in :wp:writepy.f90
use __user__routines
external funct
integer intent(in) :: n
real*8 intent(out) :: r
end subroutine writepy
subroutine call_writepy(funct,n,r)! in :wp:writepy.f90
use __user__routines
external funct
integer intent(inout) :: n
real*8 intent(out) :: r
real*8 intent(out) :: q
end subroutine call_writepy
end interface
end python module wp
! This file was auto-generated with f2py (version:2).
! See http://cens.ioc.ee/projects/f2py2e/
And use the following command when compiling in f2py the Fortran code: f2py -c wp.pyf writepy.f90 telling to the compiler to explicitly use the edited file “wp.pyf” as a reference
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/44073679/errors-when-using-a-fortran-call-back-function-in-f2py