问题
Python allows easy creation of an integer from a string of a given base via
int(str, base).
I want to perform the inverse: creation of a string from an integer,
i.e. I want some function int2base(num, base), such that:
int(int2base(x, b), b) == x
The function name/argument order is unimportant.
For any number x and base b that int() will accept.
This is an easy function to write: in fact it\'s easier than describing it in this question. However, I feel like I must be missing something.
I know about the functions bin, oct, hex, but I cannot use them for a few reasons:
Those functions are not available on older versions of Python, with which I need compatibility with (2.2)
I want a general solution that can be called the same way for different bases
I want to allow bases other than 2, 8, 16
Related
- Python elegant inverse function of int(string, base)
- Integer to base-x system using recursion in python
- Base 62 conversion in Python
- How to convert an integer to the shortest url-safe string in Python?
回答1:
If you need compatibility with ancient versions of Python, you can either use gmpy (which does include a fast, completely general int-to-string conversion function, and can be built for such ancient versions -- you may need to try older releases since the recent ones have not been tested for venerable Python and GMP releases, only somewhat recent ones), or, for less speed but more convenience, use Python code -- e.g., most simply:
import string
digs = string.digits + string.ascii_letters
def int2base(x, base):
if x < 0:
sign = -1
elif x == 0:
return digs[0]
else:
sign = 1
x *= sign
digits = []
while x:
digits.append(digs[int(x % base)])
x = int(x / base)
if sign < 0:
digits.append('-')
digits.reverse()
return ''.join(digits)
回答2:
Surprisingly, people were giving only solutions that convert to small bases (smaller then the length of the English alphabet). There was no attempt to give a solution which converts to any arbitrary base from 2 to infinity.
So here is a super simple solution:
def numberToBase(n, b):
if n == 0:
return [0]
digits = []
while n:
digits.append(int(n % b))
n //= b
return digits[::-1]
so if you need to convert some super huge number to the base 577,
numberToBase(67854 ** 15 - 102, 577), will give you a correct solution:
[4, 473, 131, 96, 431, 285, 524, 486, 28, 23, 16, 82, 292, 538, 149, 25, 41, 483, 100, 517, 131, 28, 0, 435, 197, 264, 455],
Which you can later convert to any base you want
回答3:
def baseN(num,b,numerals="0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"):
return ((num == 0) and numerals[0]) or (baseN(num // b, b, numerals).lstrip(numerals[0]) + numerals[num % b])
ref: http://code.activestate.com/recipes/65212/
Please be aware that this may lead to
RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded in cmp
for very big integers.
回答4:
"{0:b}".format(100) # bin: 1100100
"{0:x}".format(100) # hex: 64
"{0:o}".format(100) # oct: 144
回答5:
Great answers! I guess the answer to my question was "no" I was not missing some obvious solution. Here is the function I will use that condenses the good ideas expressed in the answers.
- allow caller-supplied mapping of characters (allows base64 encode)
- checks for negative and zero
- maps complex numbers into tuples of strings
def int2base(x,b,alphabet='0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'):
'convert an integer to its string representation in a given base'
if b<2 or b>len(alphabet):
if b==64: # assume base64 rather than raise error
alphabet = "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/"
else:
raise AssertionError("int2base base out of range")
if isinstance(x,complex): # return a tuple
return ( int2base(x.real,b,alphabet) , int2base(x.imag,b,alphabet) )
if x<=0:
if x==0:
return alphabet[0]
else:
return '-' + int2base(-x,b,alphabet)
# else x is non-negative real
rets=''
while x>0:
x,idx = divmod(x,b)
rets = alphabet[idx] + rets
return rets
回答6:
Python doesn't have a built-in function for printing an integer in an arbitrary base. You'll have to write your own if you want to.
回答7:
You could use baseconv.py from my project: https://github.com/semente/python-baseconv
Sample usage:
>>> from baseconv import BaseConverter
>>> base20 = BaseConverter('0123456789abcdefghij')
>>> base20.encode(1234)
'31e'
>>> base20.decode('31e')
'1234'
>>> base20.encode(-1234)
'-31e'
>>> base20.decode('-31e')
'-1234'
>>> base11 = BaseConverter('0123456789-', sign='$')
>>> base11.encode('$1234')
'$-22'
>>> base11.decode('$-22')
'$1234'
There is some bultin converters as for example baseconv.base2, baseconv.base16 and baseconv.base64.
回答8:
Recursive
I would simplify the most voted answer to:
BS="0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
def to_base(n, b):
return "0" if not n else to_base(n//b, b).lstrip("0") + BS[n%b]
With the same advice for RuntimeError: maximum recursion depth exceeded in cmp on very large integers and negative numbers. (You could usesys.setrecursionlimit(new_limit))
Iterative
To avoid recursion problems:
BS="0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
def to_base(s, b):
res = ""
while s:
res+=BS[s%b]
s//= b
return res[::-1] or "0"
回答9:
>>> numpy.base_repr(10, base=3)
'101'
回答10:
http://code.activestate.com/recipes/65212/
def base10toN(num,n):
"""Change a to a base-n number.
Up to base-36 is supported without special notation."""
num_rep={10:'a',
11:'b',
12:'c',
13:'d',
14:'e',
15:'f',
16:'g',
17:'h',
18:'i',
19:'j',
20:'k',
21:'l',
22:'m',
23:'n',
24:'o',
25:'p',
26:'q',
27:'r',
28:'s',
29:'t',
30:'u',
31:'v',
32:'w',
33:'x',
34:'y',
35:'z'}
new_num_string=''
current=num
while current!=0:
remainder=current%n
if 36>remainder>9:
remainder_string=num_rep[remainder]
elif remainder>=36:
remainder_string='('+str(remainder)+')'
else:
remainder_string=str(remainder)
new_num_string=remainder_string+new_num_string
current=current/n
return new_num_string
Here's another one from the same link
def baseconvert(n, base):
"""convert positive decimal integer n to equivalent in another base (2-36)"""
digits = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
try:
n = int(n)
base = int(base)
except:
return ""
if n < 0 or base < 2 or base > 36:
return ""
s = ""
while 1:
r = n % base
s = digits[r] + s
n = n / base
if n == 0:
break
return s
回答11:
I made a pip package for this.
I recommend you use my bases.py https://github.com/kamijoutouma/bases.py which was inspired by bases.js
from bases import Bases
bases = Bases()
bases.toBase16(200) // => 'c8'
bases.toBase(200, 16) // => 'c8'
bases.toBase62(99999) // => 'q0T'
bases.toBase(200, 62) // => 'q0T'
bases.toAlphabet(300, 'aAbBcC') // => 'Abba'
bases.fromBase16('c8') // => 200
bases.fromBase('c8', 16) // => 200
bases.fromBase62('q0T') // => 99999
bases.fromBase('q0T', 62) // => 99999
bases.fromAlphabet('Abba', 'aAbBcC') // => 300
refer to https://github.com/kamijoutouma/bases.py#known-basesalphabets for what bases are usable
EDIT: pip link https://pypi.python.org/pypi/bases.py/0.2.2
回答12:
def base(decimal ,base) :
list = "0123456789ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ"
other_base = ""
while decimal != 0 :
other_base = list[decimal % base] + other_base
decimal = decimal / base
if other_base == "":
other_base = "0"
return other_base
print base(31 ,16)
output:
"1F"
回答13:
>>> import string
>>> def int2base(integer, base):
if not integer: return '0'
sign = 1 if integer > 0 else -1
alphanum = string.digits + string.ascii_lowercase
nums = alphanum[:base]
res = ''
integer *= sign
while integer:
integer, mod = divmod(integer, base)
res += nums[mod]
return ('' if sign == 1 else '-') + res[::-1]
>>> int2base(-15645, 23)
'-16d5'
>>> int2base(213, 21)
'a3'
回答14:
A recursive solution for those interested. Of course, this will not work with negative binary values. You would need to implement Two's Complement.
def generateBase36Alphabet():
return ''.join([str(i) for i in range(10)]+[chr(i+65) for i in range(26)])
def generateAlphabet(base):
return generateBase36Alphabet()[:base]
def intToStr(n, base, alphabet):
def toStr(n, base, alphabet):
return alphabet[n] if n < base else toStr(n//base,base,alphabet) + alphabet[n%base]
return ('-' if n < 0 else '') + toStr(abs(n), base, alphabet)
print('{} -> {}'.format(-31, intToStr(-31, 16, generateAlphabet(16)))) # -31 -> -1F
回答15:
def int2base(a, base, numerals="0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"):
baseit = lambda a=a, b=base: (not a) and numerals[0] or baseit(a-a%b,b*base)+numerals[a%b%(base-1) or (a%b) and (base-1)]
return baseit()
explanation
In any base every number is equal to a1+a2*base**2+a3*base**3... The "mission" is to find all a 's.
For everyN=1,2,3... the code is isolating the aN*base**N by "mouduling" by b for b=base**(N+1) which slice all a 's bigger than N, and slicing all the a 's that their serial is smaller than N by decreasing a everytime the func is called by the current aN*base**N .
Base%(base-1)==1 therefor base**p%(base-1)==1 and therefor q*base^p%(base-1)==q with only one exception when q=base-1 which returns 0. To fix that in case it returns 0 the func is checking is it 0 from the beggining.
advantages
in this sample theres only one multiplications (instead of division) and some moudulueses which relatively takes small amounts of time.
回答16:
num = input("number")
power = 0
num = int(num)
while num > 10:
num = num / 10
power += 1
print(str(round(num, 2)) + "^" + str(power))
回答17:
def base_changer(number,base):
buff=97+abs(base-10)
dic={};buff2='';buff3=10
for i in range(97,buff+1):
dic[buff3]=chr(i)
buff3+=1
while(number>=base):
mod=int(number%base)
number=int(number//base)
if (mod) in dic.keys():
buff2+=dic[mod]
continue
buff2+=str(mod)
if (number) in dic.keys():
buff2+=dic[number]
else:
buff2+=str(number)
return buff2[::-1]
回答18:
def dec_to_radix(input, to_radix=2, power=None):
if not isinstance(input, int):
raise TypeError('Not an integer!')
elif power is None:
power = 1
if input == 0:
return 0
else:
remainder = input % to_radix**power
digit = str(int(remainder/to_radix**(power-1)))
return int(str(dec_to_radix(input-remainder, to_radix, power+1)) + digit)
def radix_to_dec(input, from_radix):
if not isinstance(input, int):
raise TypeError('Not an integer!')
return sum(int(digit)*(from_radix**power) for power, digit in enumerate(str(input)[::-1]))
def radix_to_radix(input, from_radix=10, to_radix=2, power=None):
dec = radix_to_dec(input, from_radix)
return dec_to_radix(dec, to_radix, power)
回答19:
Another short one (and easier to understand imo):
def int_to_str(n, b, symbols='0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'):
return (int_to_str(n/b, b, symbols) if n >= b else "") + symbols[n%b]
And with proper exception handling:
def int_to_str(n, b, symbols='0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'):
try:
return (int_to_str(n/b, b) if n >= b else "") + symbols[n%b]
except IndexError:
raise ValueError(
"The symbols provided are not enough to represent this number in "
"this base")
回答20:
Another solution, works with base 2 to 10, needs modification for higher bases:
def n2b(n, b):
if n == 0:
return 0
d = []
while n:
d.append(int(n % b))
n /= b
return ''.join(map(str,d[::-1]))
Example:
n2b(10,2) => '10100'
int(n2b(10,2),2) => 10
回答21:
Here is a recursive version that handles signed integers and custom digits.
import string
def base_convert(x, base, digits=None):
"""Convert integer `x` from base 10 to base `base` using `digits` characters as digits.
If `digits` is omitted, it will use decimal digits + lowercase letters + uppercase letters.
"""
digits = digits or (string.digits + string.ascii_letters)
assert 2 <= base <= len(digits), "Unsupported base: {}".format(base)
if x == 0:
return digits[0]
sign = '-' if x < 0 else ''
x = abs(x)
first_digits = base_convert(x // base, base, digits).lstrip(digits[0])
return sign + first_digits + digits[x % base]
回答22:
Strings aren't the only choice for representing numbers: you can use a list of integers to represent the order of each digit. Those can easily be converted to a string.
None of the answers reject base < 2; and most will run very slowly or crash with stack overflows for very large numbers (such as 56789 ** 43210). To avoid such failures, reduce quickly like this:
def n_to_base(n, b):
if b < 2: raise # invalid base
if abs(n) < b: return [n]
ret = [y for d in n_to_base(n, b*b) for y in divmod(d, b)]
return ret[1:] if ret[0] == 0 else ret # remove leading zeros
def base_to_n(v, b):
h = len(v) // 2
if h == 0: return v[0]
return base_to_n(v[:-h], b) * (b**h) + base_to_n(v[-h:], b)
assert ''.join(['0123456789'[x] for x in n_to_base(56789**43210,10)])==str(56789**43210)
Speedwise, n_to_base is comparable with str for large numbers (about 0.3s on my machine), but if you compare against hex you may be surprised (about 0.3ms on my machine, or 1000x faster). The reason is because the large integer is stored in memory in base 256 (bytes). Each byte can simply be converted to a two-character hex string. This alignment only happens for bases that are powers of two, which is why there are special cases for 2,8, and 16 (and base64, ascii, utf16, utf32).
Consider the last digit of a decimal string. How does it relate to the sequence of bytes that forms its integer? Let's label the bytes s[i] with s[0] being the least significant (little endian). Then the last digit is sum([s[i]*(256**i) % 10 for i in range(n)]). Well, it happens that 256**i ends with a 6 for i > 0 (6*6=36) so that last digit is (s[0]*5 + sum(s)*6)%10. From this, you can see that the last digit depends on the sum of all the bytes. This nonlocal property is what makes converting to decimal harder.
回答23:
def baseConverter(x, b):
s = ""
d = string.printable.upper()
while x > 0:
s += d[x%b]
x = x / b
return s[::-1]
回答24:
I have not seen any converters of float here. And I missed the grouping for always three digits.
TODO:
-numbers in scientific expression (n.nnnnnn*10**(exp) -- the '10' is self.baseDigits[1::-1]/self.to_string(len (self.baseDigits))
-from_string-function.
-base 1 -> roman numbers?
-repr of complex with agles
So here is my solution:
DIGITS = "0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz"
# note that the order of the digits is reversed for digits before the point
NO_GROUPING = lambda g: g
concat = "".join
concat_backwards = lambda g: concat(e for e in reversed(list(g)))
def grouping(length = 3, char = '_'):
def yieldor(digits):
i = 0
for d in digits:
if i == length:
yield char
i = 0
yield d
i+=1
return yieldor
class Converter:
def __init__(self, baseDigits: (int, str), beforePoint = NO_GROUPING, afterPoint = NO_GROUPING, decimalPoint = '.', digitPrecision = 16, trimZeros = True):
if isinstance(baseDigits, int):
baseDigits = DIGITS[:baseDigits]
self.baseDigits = baseDigits
self.beforePoint = beforePoint
self.afterPoint = afterPoint
self.decimalPoint = decimalPoint
self.digitPrecision = digitPrecision
self.trimZeros = trimZeros
def to_string(self, number: (int, float, complex)) -> str:
if isinstance(number, complex):
if number.imag == 0:
return self.to_string(number.real)
if number.real == 0:
return self.to_string(number.imag) + 'j'
return "({}+{}j)".format(self.to_string(number.real), self.to_string (number.imag))
if number < 0:
return '-' + self.to_string(-number)
digitCount = len(self.baseDigits)
if isinstance(number, float):
# round correctly
precError=digitCount**-self.digitPrecision
number+=0.5*precError
if self.trimZeros:
def yieldor(n):
p = precError
for i in range(self.digitPrecision):
if n <= p:
return
p *= digitCount
n *= digitCount
digit = int(n)
n -= digit
yield self.baseDigits[digit]
else:
def yieldor(n):
for i in range(self.digitPrecision):
n *= digitCount
digit = int(n)
n -= digit
yield self.baseDigits[digit]
a = concat(self.afterPoint(yieldor(number%1)))
return (
self.to_string(int(number)) + (a and self.decimalPoint + a)
)
else: #is int
if not number: return self.baseDigits[0]
def yieldor(n):
while n:
n, digit = divmod(n, digitCount)
yield self.baseDigits[digit]
return concat_backwards(self.beforePoint(yieldor(number)))
# some tests:
if __name__ == "__main__":
def conv_test(num, digits, *argv, **kwv):
print(num, "->", digits if isinstance(digits, int) else "{} ({})".format(len(digits), digits), Converter(digits, *argv, **kwv).to_string(num))
conv_test(True, "ft")
conv_test(123, 12, grouping(2))
conv_test(-0xf00d, 16)
conv_test(1000, True<<True, grouping(4))
conv_test(1_000_000, "0+-", beforePoint = grouping(2, '|'))
conv_test(1.5, 10)
conv_test(0.999999999, 10, digitPrecision = 8)
conv_test(-0.1, 10)
import math
conv_test(math.pi, 10, afterPoint = grouping(5, ' '))
conv_test(0.123456789, 10, digitPrecision = 6)
grSpc = grouping(1, ' ')
conv_test(math.e, ["off", "on"], grSpc, grSpc, " dot ", digitPrecision = 7)
conv_test(1 + 1.5j, 10)
conv_test(50j, 10)
conv_test(10.01, '-<>')
# and generate some brainfuck-code here:
conv_test(1701**42, '+-<>,.][', digitPrecision = 32)
回答25:
def bn(x,b,ab="0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz..."
a = ""
while (x>0):
x,r = divmod(x,n)
a += ab[r]
return a[::-1]
bn(2**100, 36)
output:
3ewfdnca0n6ld1ggvfgg
to convert to any base, inverse is easy too.
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2267362/how-to-convert-an-integer-in-any-base-to-a-string