Mysql之字符集

六月ゝ 毕业季﹏ 提交于 2020-01-17 06:55:23

 

Mysql 常见数据类型

INT类型
    TINTINT      1字节(256)       2的8次
    INT          4字节(4294967296)2的32次
    BIGINT       8字节
DATE类型
    DATE         3字节
    TIMESTAMP    4字节
STRING类型
    CHAR(M)      M字节    1<=M<=255  (左边对齐)
    VARCHAR(M)   L+1字节   L<=M   1<=M<=255
    BLOB,TEXT    L+2字节   L<2^8

Mysql数据库字符集知识
  字符集就是一套文字符号及其编码、比较规则的集合
  Mysql数据库字符集包括字符集(character)和校对规则(collation)两个概念。字符集定义mysql数据字符串的存储方式,校对规则定义比较字符串的方式。

 

mysql数据库常见字符集

        一个汉字长度      说明
GBK       2           不是国际标准,对中文支持较好(需支持中文,数据量大,性能要求高)
UTF-8     3           扩展B区以后的汉字占四个字节中英混合环境,用的最多,没特别需求,建议此种
latin1    1           yum安装默认字符集
utf8mb4   4           UTF-8 Unicode,移动互联网

企业场景创建什么字符集的数据库呢?
1、根据开发程序确定的字符集(建议utf8)
2、在编译时候指定字符集
3、建库的时候默认创建即可mysql> show char set;

 

查看字符集设置情况

1、查看当前数据库字符集设置

mysql>  show variables like "character_set%";   
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                                  |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| character_set_client     | utf8                                   |客户端来源数据使用的字符集
| character_set_connection | utf8                                   |客户端连接层字符集
| character_set_database   | utf8                                   |当前选中的数据库默认字符集
| character_set_filesystem | binary                                 |
| character_set_results    | utf8                                   |客户端查询结果字符集
| character_set_server     | utf8                                   |数据库默认内部操作字符集
| character_set_system     | utf8                                   |系统元数据(字段名等)字符集
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/local/mysql5.5.49/share/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+

2、查看当前数据库内表的字符集设置

mysql> show table status\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           Name: test
         Engine: MyISAM
        Version: 10
     Row_format: Dynamic
           Rows: 5
 Avg_row_length: 28
    Data_length: 140
Max_data_length: 281474976710655
   Index_length: 1024
      Data_free: 0
 Auto_increment: NULL
    Create_time: 2017-03-16 19:14:49
    Update_time: 2017-03-16 22:05:12
     Check_time: NULL
      Collation: utf8_general_ci
       Checksum: NULL
 Create_options: 
        Comment: 

3、查看表的数据列字段字符集

mysql> show full columns from test;
+----------+-------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
| Field    | Type        | Collation       | Null | Key | Default | Extra | Privileges                      | Comment |
+----------+-------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+
| id       | int(4)      | NULL            | YES  |     | NULL    |       | select,insert,update,references |         |
| name     | varchar(16) | utf8_general_ci | YES  |     | NULL    |       | select,insert,update,references |         |
| phonenum | char(12)    | utf8_general_ci | YES  |     | NULL    |       | select,insert,update,references |         |
+----------+-------------+-----------------+------+-----+---------+-------+---------------------------------+---------+

4、查看当前安装的Mysql所支持的字符集

+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset  | Description                 | Default collation   | Maxlen |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5     | Big5 Traditional Chinese    | big5_chinese_ci     |      2 |
| dec8     | DEC West European           | dec8_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| cp850    | DOS West European           | cp850_general_ci    |      1 |
| hp8      | HP West European            | hp8_english_ci      |      1 |
| koi8r    | KOI8-R Relcom Russian       | koi8r_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin1   | cp1252 West European        | latin1_swedish_ci   |      1 |
| latin2   | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci   |      1 |
| swe7     | 7bit Swedish                | swe7_swedish_ci     |      1 |
| ascii    | US ASCII                    | ascii_general_ci    |      1 |
| ujis     | EUC-JP Japanese             | ujis_japanese_ci    |      3 |
| sjis     | Shift-JIS Japanese          | sjis_japanese_ci    |      2 |
| hebrew   | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew           | hebrew_general_ci   |      1 |
| tis620   | TIS620 Thai                 | tis620_thai_ci      |      1 |
| euckr    | EUC-KR Korean               | euckr_korean_ci     |      2 |
| koi8u    | KOI8-U Ukrainian            | koi8u_general_ci    |      1 |
| gb2312   | GB2312 Simplified Chinese   | gb2312_chinese_ci   |      2 |
| greek    | ISO 8859-7 Greek            | greek_general_ci    |      1 |
| cp1250   | Windows Central European    | cp1250_general_ci   |      1 |
| gbk      | GBK Simplified Chinese      | gbk_chinese_ci      |      2 |
| latin5   | ISO 8859-9 Turkish          | latin5_turkish_ci   |      1 |
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian          | armscii8_general_ci |      1 |
| utf8     | UTF-8 Unicode               | utf8_general_ci     |      3 |
| ucs2     | UCS-2 Unicode               | ucs2_general_ci     |      2 |
| cp866    | DOS Russian                 | cp866_general_ci    |      1 |
| keybcs2  | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak  | keybcs2_general_ci  |      1 |
| macce    | Mac Central European        | macce_general_ci    |      1 |
| macroman | Mac West European           | macroman_general_ci |      1 |
| cp852    | DOS Central European        | cp852_general_ci    |      1 |
| latin7   | ISO 8859-13 Baltic          | latin7_general_ci   |      1 |
| utf8mb4  | UTF-8 Unicode               | utf8mb4_general_ci  |      4 |
| cp1251   | Windows Cyrillic            | cp1251_general_ci   |      1 |
| utf16    | UTF-16 Unicode              | utf16_general_ci    |      4 |
| cp1256   | Windows Arabic              | cp1256_general_ci   |      1 |
| cp1257   | Windows Baltic              | cp1257_general_ci   |      1 |
| utf32    | UTF-32 Unicode              | utf32_general_ci    |      4 |
| binary   | Binary pseudo charset       | binary              |      1 |
| geostd8  | GEOSTD8 Georgian            | geostd8_general_ci  |      1 |
| cp932    | SJIS for Windows Japanese   | cp932_japanese_ci   |      2 |
| eucjpms  | UJIS for Windows Japanese   | eucjpms_japanese_ci |      3 |
+----------+-----------------------------+---------------------+--------+
39 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show char set;mysql> show charset;mysql> show character set;

5、查看建库建表字符集

mysql> show create database gtms;
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database                                               |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
| gtms     | CREATE DATABASE `gtms` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET utf8 */ |
+----------+---------------------------------------------------------------+
mysql> show create table test\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: test
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `test` (
  `id` int(4) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(16) DEFAULT NULL,
  `phonenum` char(12) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

 

客户端连接字符集控制
1、set names gbk 临时生效

mysql> set names gbk;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show variables like "%char%";
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| Variable_name            | Value                                  |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+
| character_set_client     | gbk                                    |
| character_set_connection | gbk                                    |
| character_set_database   | utf8                                   |
| character_set_filesystem | binary                                 |
| character_set_results    | gbk                                    |
| character_set_server     | utf8                                   |
| character_set_system     | utf8                                   |
| character_sets_dir       | /usr/local/mysql5.5.49/share/charsets/ |
+--------------------------+----------------------------------------+

2、mysql登陆时候--default-character-set=gbk   临时生效

3、my.cnf中指定客户端字符集

[client]
default-character-set=utf8

或(在每个普通用户连接上来的时候都会触发执行,这个命令对具有super权限的用户是不生效

[mysqld]
init_connect = 'SET NAMES utf8'

 

数据库服务端字符集控制

1、编译时指定

-DDEFAULT_CHARSET=utf8
-DDEFAULT_COLLATION=utf8_general_ci 
-DEXTRA_CHARSETS=all 
#编译时如未指定或者二进制包,默认使用拉丁字符集

2、my.cnf中指定服务端字符集

[mysqld]
default-character-set = utf8     mysql5.1版本
character-set-server = utf8      >mysql5.5版本

更改字符集总的思想
  1、不直接更改数据库字符集,导出所有数据
  2、把导出的数据进行字符集替换
  3、修改my.cnf,更改Mysql客户端及服务端字符集,重启生效
  4、导入更改过字符集的数据包括表结构语句,提供服务
  5、开发把程序更改为对应字符集


数据库中文不乱码注意点(utf8推荐)
  1、linux客户端字符集
  2、linux服务器端字符集  LANG="zn_CH.UTF-8"
  3、数据库客户端字符集  set names字符集 临时生效
  4、数据库服务端字符集
  5、具体数据库字符集
  6、表的字符集
  7、php/java字符集

utf8数据库环境改变客户端的字符集测试

mysql> set names gbk;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert into test values(5,"托马斯",13701800009);
Query OK, 1 row affected, 2 warnings (0.07 sec)
mysql> select * from test;
+------+----------+-------------+
| id   | name     | phonenum    |
+------+----------+-------------+
|    1 | ??         | 13701800001 |
|    2 | ?Υ         | 13701800002 |
|    3 | ?y         | 13701800003 |
|    1 | .?         | 13701800001 |
|    5 | ?°?        | 13701800008 |
|    5 | 托马斠    | 13701800009 |
+------+----------+-------------+
mysql> set names utf8;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from test;
+------+--------------+-------------+
| id   | name         | phonenum    |
+------+--------------+-------------+
|    1 | 张三         | 13701800001 |
|    2 | 王五         | 13701800002 |
|    3 | 赵六         | 13701800003 |
|    1 | 李四         | 13701800001 |
|    5 | 王八         | 13701800008 |
|    5 | 鎵橀┈鏂      | 13701800009 |
+------+--------------+-------------+#此种几乎无法解决环境本身不对,插入错误数据,很难解决环境对的时候插入了正确数据,客户端环境破坏,查看就乱码了。切回正确环境查看就没问题了。

 
更改数据库及表字符集方法(默认表的字符集随库)

alter table test character set = gbk collate gbk_chinese_ci; 
alter database gtms character set latin1 collate = latin1_swedish_ci; 
不能通过上述方法直接修改字符集,对新数据生效,对老数据不生效

已有记录的字符集调整要点
1、mysqldump 数据备份(数据量大的话,先导出表结构,sed替换。再倒数据,还原表结构,还原数据)
2、在备份的数据中更改字符集 sed
3、修改系统配置调整字符集生效
4、mysql数据还原
5、开发调好程序的字符集


模拟将utf8字符集的数据库修改成GBK字符集的过程
(1) 导出表结构

[root@node80 ~]#mysqldump -uroot -prootabcd --default-character-set=gbk -d gtms>/tmp/createdb.sql 
--default-character-set=gbk表示设置以什么字符集连接 -d表示只导出表结构,不导出数据

(2) 修改createdb.sql中表结构定义中的字符集为新的字符集

[root@node80 ~]sed -i 's/utf8/gbk/' /tmp/createdb.sql

(3) 确保记录不再更新,导出所有记录

[root@node80 ~]#mysqldump -uroot -p --quick --no-create-info --extended-insert --default-character-set=utf8 gtms > /tmp/createdata.sql 
--quick:该选项用于转储大的表。它强制Mysqldump从服务器一次一行的检索表中的行,而不是检索所有的行,并输出前将它缓存在内存中 
--extended-insert:使用包括几个values列表的多行Insert语法,这样使转储文件更小,重载文件更快 
--no-create-info:不需重新创建每个转储表的create table语句 
--default-character-set=utf8:按照原有的字符集导出所有数据,这样导出的文件中,所有中文都是可见的,不会保存成乱码

(4) 修改createdb.sql中表结构定义中的字符集为新的字符集

[root@node80 ~]#sed -i 's/utf8/gbk/' /tmp/createdata.sql

(5) 修改my.cnf配置调整字符集,重启生效

[client] 
default-character-set=gbk 
[mysqld] 
character-set-server = gbk

(6) 通过utf8建库(或者创建新库后删除原库)

mysql> create database gtmsgbk default charset gbk collation gbk_chinese_ci;

(7) 创建表,执行createdb.sql

[root@node80 ~]# mysql -uroot -prootabcd gtmsgbk< /tmp/createdb.sql

(8) 导入数据,执行createdata.sql

[root@node80 ~]# mysql -uroot -prootabcd gtmsgbk< /tmp/createdata.sql 
注意,选择目标字符集时,要注意最好大于等于原库字符集

 

验证

mysql> show create database gtmsgbk;
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| Database | Create Database                                                 |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
| gtmsgbk  | CREATE DATABASE `gtmsgbk` /*!40100 DEFAULT CHARACTER SET gbk */ |
+----------+-----------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show create table test\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
       Table: test
Create Table: CREATE TABLE `test` (
  `id` int(4) DEFAULT NULL,
  `name` varchar(16) DEFAULT NULL,
  `phonenum` char(12) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=gbk
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from test;
+------+--------------+-------------+
| id   | name         | phonenum    |
+------+--------------+-------------+
|    1 | 张三       | 13701800001 |
|    2 | 王五       | 13701800002 |
|    3 | 赵六       | 13701800003 |
|    1 | 李四       | 13701800001 |
|    5 | 王八       | 13701800008 |
|    5 | 鎵橀┈鏂 | 13701800009 |
+------+--------------+-------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 

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