Why is powershell adding additional parameters to Web Service Method Signatures

问题

I'm trying to use Powershell to ping a couple of WCF Webservices from the command line. e.g.

I have an WCF Operation

[OperationContract]
string DoWork(string name);

And I can call that with Powershell using.

$proxy = New-WebServiceProxy -Uri 'http://localhost/TestService/Service.svc'
$proxy.DoWork('Hello World')

This works fine as long as the input params and return types are strings. However if I introduce integers, the generated method signatures & return types have additional paramSpecified properties generated.

Consider the following Method with a Data Contract return type.

[DataContract]
public class SimpleClass
{
    [DataMember]
    public string Name { get; set; }
    [DataMember]
    public int Count { get; set; }
}

... 

[OperationContract]
SimpleClass DoWorkD(string name, int howMany);

Problem 1

The signature of the method is wrong & has an extra parameter bool howManySpecified.

$proxy = New-WebServiceProxy -Uri 'http://localhost/TestService/Service.svc'
$method = $proxy | Get-Member -Name DoWorkD
$method.Definition

Microsoft.PowerShell.Commands.NewWebserviceProxy.AutogeneratedTypes.WebServiceProxy3alhost_TestService_Service_svc.SimpleClass, -nv8lxgh, Version=0.0.0.0, Culture=neutral, PublicKeyToken=null DoWorkD(string name, int howMany, bool howManySpecified)

Problem 2

The returned proxy of the DataContract class also has additional XXXSpecified properties for non-string properties.

______________________________________________________________________
PS D:\Work\Sandbox\Powershell> $proxy.DoWorkD("Hello World", 10, $true")

Count       CountSpecified    Name                             
-----       --------------    ----                             
10                    True    Hello World

Problem 3

Setting a primitive type as return type just has completely unintuitive behaviour. A simple method which returns an integer comes out as a System.Void method, whose results are available through ref parameters.

[OperationContract]
int DoWorkE(int a, int b, int c, int d);

PS D:\Work\Sandbox\Powershell> $proxy.DoWorkE(1,$true, 2,$true,3,$true,4,$true, [ref] $intresult, [ref] $intresultPresent)
$intresult
10

PS D:\Work\Sandbox\Powershell> ($proxy | Get-Member -Name DoWorkE).Definition
System.Void DoWorkE(int a, bool aSpecified, int b, bool bSpecified, int c, bool cSpecified, int d, bool dSpecified, System.Int32& DoWorkEResult, System.Boolean& DoWorkEResultSpecified)

Is this by design. I'm confused as to why these extra specified params are needed and if not, can they be removed and the int-results-by-ref is just bizarre

Thanks if anyone can shed any light on this design/behaviour.