设备查看命令
fdisk -l 系统存在的设备
cat /proc/partitions 系统识别的设备
blkid 系统中可以用的设备
df 系统中正在挂载的设备
lsblk 命令用于列出所有可用块设备的信息，而且还能显示他们之间的依赖关系
磁盘分区
硬盘的分区主要分为基本分区（primary partion）和扩充分区(extension partion)两种，基本分区和扩充分区的数目之和不能大于四个。且基本分区可以马上被使用但不能再分区。扩充分区必须再进行分区后才能使用，也就是说它必须还要进行二次分区。那么由扩充分区再分下去的是什么呢？它就是逻辑分区（logical partion），况且逻辑分区没有数量上限制。
用fdisk命令磁盘分区
[root@server11 Desktop]# fdisk /dev/vdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Device does not contain a recognized partition table
Building a new DOS disklabel with disk identifier 0x079cb101.
Command (m for help): m ##帮助
Command action
a toggle a bootable flag
b edit bsd disklabel
c toggle the dos compatibility flag
d delete a partition ##删除分区
g create a new empty GPT partition table
G create an IRIX (SGI) partition table
l list known partition types ##列出系统可用的分区类型
m print this menu
n add a new partition ##新建分区
o create a new empty DOS partition table
p print the partition table ##显示分区
q quit without saving changes ##退出
s create a new empty Sun disklabel
t change a partition's system id ##修改分区功能id
u change display/entry units
v verify the partition table
w write table to disk and exit ##保存更改到分区表中
x extra functionality (experts only)
Command (m for help): n ##新建分区
Partition type:
p primary (0 primary, 0 extended, 4 free)
e extended
Select (default p): p ##主分区
Partition number (1-4, default 1): 1 ##分区号1-4
First sector (2048-20971519, default 2048):
Using default value 2048
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (2048-20971519, default 20971519): +100M ##分100m大小
Partition 1 of type Linux and of size 100 MiB is set
..........
Command (m for help): p 查看分区信息
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x079cb101
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended ##扩展分区
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux ##逻辑分区
/dev/vdb6 825344 20971519 10073088 83 Linux ##逻辑分区
Command (m for help): wq ##保存退出
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
Syncing disks.
[root@server11 Desktop]# fdisk -l ##显示设备信息
Disk /dev/vda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00013f3e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vda1 * 2048 20970332 10484142+ 83 Linux
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x079cb101
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 206847 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb2 206848 411647 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb3 411648 616447 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb4 616448 20971519 10177536 5 Extended
/dev/vdb5 618496 823295 102400 83 Linux
/dev/vdb6 825344 20971519 10073088 83 Linux
[root@server11 Desktop]#
磁盘分区后需要格式化后才能挂载
格式化命令：mkfs.xfs /dev/vdb1 -f
修改分区方式为gpt
[root@server11 /]# parted /dev/vdb
GNU Parted 3.1
Using /dev/vdb
Welcome to GNU Parted! Type 'help' to view a list of commands.
(parted) mklabel ##设置磁盘文件系统
New disk label type? gpt ##文件系统格式
Warning: The existing disk label on /dev/vdb will be destroyed and all data on this
disk will be lost. Do you want to continue?
Yes/No? yes
(parted) quit ##推出
Information: You may need to update /etc/fstab.
[root@server11 /]# fdisk -l ##查看磁盘信息
Disk /dev/vda: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x00013f3e
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vda1 * 2048 20970332 10484142+ 83 Linux
WARNING: fdisk GPT support is currently new, and therefore in an experimental phase. Use at your own discretion.
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: gpt ##磁盘格式
# Start End Size Type Name
设置/dev/vdb1开机时自动挂载在/mnt
vim /etc/fstab ##自动挂载文件
最后加上 /dev/vdb /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
mount -a 重新读取该文件，使其挂载
修改/dev/sdb2为swap分区
第一步：fdisk 中修改swap分区标识
[root@localhost Desktop]# fdisk /dev/sdb
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): t ##修改分区功能id
Partition number (1,2, default 2): 2
Hex code (type L to list all codes): 82 ##swap code
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux swap / Solaris'
Command (m for help): p ##查看分区
Disk /dev/sdb: 15.5 GB, 15479597056 bytes, 30233588 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xbe1a927f
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/sdb1 2048 2050047 1024000 0 Empty
/dev/sdb2 2050048 4098047 1024000 82 Linux swap / Solaris
Command (m for help): wq ##保存
第三步：
mkswap /dev/sdb2 ##创建一个swap区域
第四步:
swapon -a /dev/sdb2 ##挂载swap分区
第五步：开机自动挂载
vim /etc/fstab ##编辑文件
/dev/vdbn swap swap defaults,pri=1 0 0
last：取消swap分区
swapoff /dev/vdbn
分区LUKS锁
cryptsetup luksFormat /dev/vdb1 ##分区加锁，加锁后分区不能挂载，需开锁后才可以
cryptsetup open /dev/vdb1 westos ##开锁 开锁后需格式化才能挂载
mkfs.xfs /dev/mapper/westos ##格式化
mount /dev/mapper/westos /mnt/ ##挂载
umount /mnt/ ##取消挂载
cryptsetup close westos ##关锁
若想取消锁，需格式化分区。
开机自动开锁
第一步：保存密码文件中。
/root/passwd ##密码文件
cryptsetup luksAddKey /dev/vdb1 /root/passwd ##加密磁盘建立key
vim /etc/crypttab ##配置文件
解密后设备管理文件 设备 加密字符存放文件
westos /dev/vdb1 /root/passwd
vim /etc/fstab ##配置文件
/dev/mapper/westos /mnt xfs defaults 0 0
这样就好了，root后自动解密到/dev/mapper/westos ，自动挂载在/mnt上
磁盘阵列（实验）
先准备3块分区磁盘，修改分区为fd（分区功能id）
Command (m for help): t
Partition number (1-3, default 3): 3
Hex code (type L to list all codes): fd
Changed type of partition 'Linux' to 'Linux raid autodetect'
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/vdb: 10.7 GB, 10737418240 bytes, 20971520 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0xd4f8b483
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/vdb1 2048 2099199 1048576 fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/vdb2 2099200 4196351 1048576 fd Linux raid autodetect
/dev/vdb3 4196352 6293503 1048576 fd Linux raid autodetect
[root@localhost Desktop]# mdadm -C /dev/md0 -a yes -l 1 -n 2 -x 1 /dev/vdb{1..3} ##创建磁盘阵列
mdadm: Note: this array has metadata at the start and
may not be suitable as a boot device. If you plan to
store '/boot' on this device please ensure that
your boot-loader understands md/v1.x metadata, or use
--metadata=0.90
Continue creating array? y
mdadm: Defaulting to version 1.2 metadata
mdadm: array /dev/md0 started.
[root@localhost Desktop]# mkfs.xfs /dev/md0
[root@localhost Desktop]# mount /dev/md0 /mnt/
[root@localhost Desktop]# df
Filesystem 1K-blocks Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/vda1 10473900 3809516 6664384 37% /
devtmpfs 469344 0 469344 0% /dev
tmpfs 484932 140 484792 1% /dev/shm
tmpfs 484932 12756 472176 3% /run
tmpfs 484932 0 484932 0% /sys/fs/cgroup
/dev/md0 1044588 32928 1011660 4% /mnt
[root@localhost Desktop]# lsblk ##磁盘依赖关系
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
vda 253:0 0 10G 0 disk
└─vda1 253:1 0 10G 0 part /
vdb 253:16 0 10G 0 disk
├─vdb1 253:17 0 1G 0 part
│ └─md0 9:0 0 1023.4M 0 raid1 /mnt
├─vdb2 253:18 0 1G 0 part
│ └─md0 9:0 0 1023.4M 0 raid1 /mnt
└─vdb3 253:19 0 1G 0 part
└─md0 9:0 0 1023.4M 0 raid1 /mnt
[root@localhost Desktop]#
mdadm -f /dev/md0 /dev/vdb1 ##强制损坏磁盘阵列分区，
mdadm -D /dev/md0 ##查看阵列信息
mdadm -r /dev/md0 /dev/vdb1 ##删除磁盘阵列的分区
mdadm -a /dev/md0 /dev/vdb1 ##添加磁盘阵列的分区
mdadm -S /dev/md0 ##删除磁盘阵列
[root@localhost Desktop]# mdadm /dev/md0 -f /dev/vdb2
mdadm: set /dev/vdb2 faulty in /dev/md0
[root@localhost Desktop]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Mon Apr 30 04:43:16 2018
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 1048000 (1023.61 MiB 1073.15 MB)
Used Dev Size : 1048000 (1023.61 MiB 1073.15 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Mon Apr 30 05:04:28 2018
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 1
Spare Devices : 0
Name : localhost:0 (local to host localhost)
UUID : 023371cb:4bb91656:964a77fc:84256a07
Events : 36
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 253 17 0 active sync /dev/vdb1
2 253 19 1 active sync /dev/vdb3
1 253 18 - faulty /dev/vdb2
[root@localhost Desktop]# mdadm -r /dev/md0 /dev/vdb2
mdadm: hot removed /dev/vdb2 from /dev/md0
[root@localhost Desktop]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Mon Apr 30 04:43:16 2018
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 1048000 (1023.61 MiB 1073.15 MB)
Used Dev Size : 1048000 (1023.61 MiB 1073.15 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 2
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Mon Apr 30 05:07:53 2018
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 2
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 0
Name : localhost:0 (local to host localhost)
UUID : 023371cb:4bb91656:964a77fc:84256a07
Events : 37
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 253 17 0 active sync /dev/vdb1
2 253 19 1 active sync /dev/vdb3
[root@localhost Desktop]# mdadm /dev/md0 -a /dev/vdb2
mdadm: added /dev/vdb2
[root@localhost Desktop]# mdadm -D /dev/md0
/dev/md0:
Version : 1.2
Creation Time : Mon Apr 30 04:43:16 2018
Raid Level : raid1
Array Size : 1048000 (1023.61 MiB 1073.15 MB)
Used Dev Size : 1048000 (1023.61 MiB 1073.15 MB)
Raid Devices : 2
Total Devices : 3
Persistence : Superblock is persistent
Update Time : Mon Apr 30 05:08:57 2018
State : clean
Active Devices : 2
Working Devices : 3
Failed Devices : 0
Spare Devices : 1
Name : localhost:0 (local to host localhost)
UUID : 023371cb:4bb91656:964a77fc:84256a07
Events : 38
Number Major Minor RaidDevice State
0 253 17 0 active sync /dev/vdb1
2 253 19 1 active sync /dev/vdb3
3 253 18 - spare /dev/vdb2
[root@localhost Desktop]# umount /dev/md0
来源：CSDN
作者：su_use
链接：https://blog.csdn.net/su_use/article/details/80173111