Adding base class to existing object in python

问题

I have several objects of different kinds (different function names, different signatures) and I monkey patch them to have a common way to access them from different functions. Briefly, there is a dispatcher that takes the objects that I want to patch and depending on the object type it calls different patcher. A patcher will add methods to the object:

def patcher_of_some_type(object):

    def target(self, value):
        # do something and call self methods

    object.target = types.MethodType(target, object)

    # many more of these

As the program grows more complicated making a wrapper around the object (or the object class) seems to be better idea. Some patchers share common code or are interrelated. But I do not control the object creation, nor the class creation. I only get the objects. And even if I could do that, I just want to wrap (or patch) certain objects, not all.

One solution might be add a base class to an existing object, but I am not sure how maintainable and safe this is. Is there another solution?

回答1:

Dynamically modifying an object's type is reasonably safe, as long as the extra base class is compatible (and you'll get an exception if it isn't). The simplest way to add a base class is with the 3-argument type constructor:

cls = object.__class__
object.__class__ = cls.__class__(cls.__name__ + "WithExtraBase", (cls, ExtraBase), {})

回答2:

Based on a comment on another answer, this is another way to patch the base class:

class Patched(instance.__class__, ExtraBase):
    pass

instance.__class__ = Patched

回答3:

To add a class to another classes bases, you could do something like this:

def pacher_of_some_type(object):

    #this class holds all the stuff you want to add to the object
    class Patch():
        def target(self, value):
            #do something

    #add it to the class' base classes
    object.__class__.__bases__ += (Patch, )

But this will affect ALL objects of this class as you actually change the class itself, which doesn't seem to be what you want... if you just want to patch an Instance, you could subclass the original class and change the instances class dynamically:

class PatchedClass(object.__class__):
    def target(self, value):
        #do whatever

object.__class__ = PatchedClass

In terms of safety and manageability, I'd say dynamically adding a base class is as maintainable as dynamically adding some functions, and safer because you're less likely to accidentally overwrite some internal functions of the original class because the new base class is added to the end of the tuple, meaning it is used last for name resolution. If you actually want to overwrite methods, add them to the beginning of the base classes tuple (of course this doesn't apply to the subclass approach). Don't ask me if dynamically changing the class of an instance is safe at all, but in a trivial example it didn't seem to be a problem:

class A():
    def p(self): print 1

class B():
    def p(self): print 2

a = A()
a.p()    #prints 1
a.__class__ = B
a.p()    #prints 2

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11042424/adding-base-class-to-existing-object-in-python

标签

python

inheritance

metaclass

monkeypatching