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问题:
So, I had an idea that I could use a range of numbers as a key for a single value in a dictionary.
I wrote the code bellow, but I cannot get it to work. Is it even possible?
stealth_roll = randint(1, 20) # select from a dictionary of 4 responses using one of four ranges. ## not working. stealth_check = { range(1, 6) : 'You are about as stealthy as thunderstorm.', range(6, 11) : 'You tip-toe through the crowd of walkers, while loudly calling them names.', range(11, 16) : 'You are quiet, and deliberate, but still you smell.', range(16, 20) : 'You move like a ninja, but attracting a handful of walkers was inevitable.' } print stealth_check[stealth_roll]
回答1:
It is possible on Python 3 ― and on Python 2 if you use xrange instead of range:
stealth_check = { xrange(1, 6) : 'You are about as stealthy as thunderstorm.', #... }
However, the way you're trying to use it it won't work. You could iterate over the keys, like this:
for key in stealth_check: if stealth_roll in key: print stealth_check[key] break
Performance of this isn't nice (O(n)) but if it's a small dictionary like you showed it's okay. If you actually want to do that, I'd subclass dict to work like that automatically:
class RangeDict(dict): def __getitem__(self, item): if type(item) != range: # or xrange in Python 2 for key in self: if item in key: return self[key] else: return super().__getitem__(item) stealth_check = RangeDict({range(1,6): 'thunderstorm', range(6,11): 'tip-toe'}) stealth_roll = 8 print(stealth_check[stealth_roll]) # prints 'tip-toe'
回答2:
Yes, you can, only if you convert your range lists as immutable tuple, so they are hashable and accepted as keys of your dictionary:
stealth_check = { tuple(range(1, 6)) : 'You are about as stealthy as thunderstorm.',
EDIT: actually it works in Python 3 as range is an immutable sequence type and generate an immutable tuple instead of a list as L3viathan stated.
but you cannot access them with a single integer as key though. Your last line won't work.
I took some time to create a solution which would work whatever the values may be (picking one entry in the dictionary works as long as the lines are not "weighted" by bigger ranges.
It calls bisect on the sorted keys to find the insertion point, hacks it a bit, and finds the best value in the dictionary, with O(log(N)) complexity, which means it can handle a really big list (maybe a little too much here :) but the dictionary is also too much in that case)
from random import randint import bisect stealth_roll = randint(1, 20) # select from a dictionary of 4 responses using one of four thresholds. stealth_check = { 1 : 'You are about as stealthy as thunderstorm.', 6 : 'You tip-toe through the crowd of walkers, while loudly calling them names.', 11 : 'You are quiet, and deliberate, but still you smell.', 16 : 'You move like a ninja, but attracting a handful of walkers was inevitable.' } sorted_keys = sorted(stealth_check.keys()) insertion_point = bisect.bisect_left(sorted_keys,stealth_roll) # adjust, as bisect returns not exactly what we want if insertion_point==len(sorted_keys) or sorted_keys[insertion_point]!=stealth_roll: insertion_point-=1 print(insertion_point,stealth_roll,stealth_check[sorted_keys[insertion_point]])
回答3:
You can't build a dictionary directly from a range, unless you want the range itself to be the key. I don't think you want that. To get individual entries for each possibility within the range:
stealth_check = dict( [(n, 'You are about as stealthy as thunderstorm.') for n in range(1, 6)] + [(n, 'You tip-toe through the crowd of walkers, while loudly calling them names.') for n in range(6, 11)] + [(n, 'You are quiet, and deliberate, but still you smell.') for n in range(11, 16)] + [(n, 'You move like a ninja, but attracting a handful of walkers was inevitable.') for n in range(16, 20)] )
When you have a dict indexed by a small range of integers, you really should consider using a list instead:
stealth_check = [None] stealth_check[1:6] = (6 - 1) * ['You are about as stealthy as thunderstorm.'] stealth_check[6:11] = (11 - 6) * ['You tip-toe through the crowd of walkers, while loudly calling them names.'] stealth_check[11:16] = (16 - 11) * ['You are quiet, and deliberate, but still you smell.'] stealth_check[16:20] = (20 - 16) * ['You move like a ninja, but attracting a handful of walkers was inevitable.']
回答4:
stealth_check = { 0 : 'You are about as stealthy as thunderstorm.', 1 : 'You tip-toe through the crowd of walkers, while loudly calling them names.', 2 : 'You are quiet, and deliberate, but still you smell.', 3 : 'You move like a ninja, but attracting a handful of walkers was inevitable.' } stealth_roll = randint(0, len(stealth_check)) return stealth_check[stealth_roll]
回答5:
This approach will accomplish what you want, and the last line will work (assumes Py3 behavior of range and print):
def extend_dict(d, value, x): for a in x: d[a] = value stealth_roll = randint(1, 20) # select from a dictionary of 4 responses using one of four ranges. ## not working. stealth_check = {} extend_dict(stealth_check,'You are about as stealthy as thunderstorm.',range(1,6)) extend_dict(stealth_check,'You tip-toe through the crowd of walkers, while loudly calling them names.',range(6,11)) extend_dict(stealth_check,'You are quiet, and deliberate, but still you smell.',range(11,16)) extend_dict(stealth_check,'You move like a ninja, but attracting a handful of walkers was inevitable.',range(16,20)) print(stealth_check[stealth_roll])
BTW if you're simulating a 20-side die you need the final index to be 21, not 20 (since 20 is not in range(1,20)).
回答6:
I wrote a RangeKeyDict class for handling cases like this, which is more general and easy to use. For usage, check the codes in __main__
to install it using:
pip install range-key-dict
Usage:
from range_key_dict import RangeKeyDict if __name__ == '__main__': range_key_dict = RangeKeyDict({ (0, 100): 'A', (100, 200): 'B', (200, 300): 'C', }) # test normal case assert range_key_dict[70] == 'A' assert range_key_dict[170] == 'B' assert range_key_dict[270] == 'C' # test case when the number is float assert range_key_dict[70.5] == 'A' # test case not in the range, with default value assert range_key_dict.get(1000, 'D') == 'D'
https://github.com/albertmenglongli/range-key-dict
回答7:
The following is probably maximally efficient in mapping a randint to one of a set of fixed category strings with fixed probability.
from random import randint stealth_map = (None, 0,0,0,0,0,0,1,1,1,1,1,2,2,2,2,2,3,3,3,3) stealth_type = ( 'You are about as stealthy as thunderstorm.', 'You tip-toe through the crowd of walkers, while loudly calling them names.', 'You are quiet, and deliberate, but still you smell.', 'You move like a ninja, but attracting a handful of walkers was inevitable.', ) for i in range(10): stealth_roll = randint(1, 20) print(stealth_type[stealth_map[stealth_roll]])
回答8:
dict is the wrong tool for this job. dict is for mapping specific keys to specific values. That isn't what you're doing; you're trying to map ranges. Here are some more straightforward options.
Use if blocks
For a small list of values, use the obvious and straightforward if blocks:
def get_stealthiness(roll): if 1 <= roll < 6: return 'You are about as stealthy as thunderstorm.' elif 6 <= roll < 11: return 'You tip-toe through the crowd of walkers, while loudly calling them names.' elif 11 <= roll < 16: return 'You are quiet, and deliberate, but still you smell.' elif 16 <= roll <= 20: return 'You move like a ninja, but attracting a handful of walkers was inevitable.' else: raise ValueError('Unsupported roll: {}'.format(roll)) stealth_roll = randint(1, 20) print(get_stealthiness(stealth_roll))
There is absolutely nothing wrong with this approach. It really doesn't need to be any more complex. This is much more intuitive, much easier to figure out, and much more efficient than trying to use a dict here.
Doing it this way also makes the boundary handling more visible. In the code I present above, you can quickly spot whether the range uses < or <= in each place. The code above also throws a meaningful error message for values outside of 1 to 20. It also supports non-integer input for free, although you may not care about that.
Map every value to an outcome
Instead of trying to use the ranges for the keys, you could reformulate your problem into one that does map specific keys to specific values. You do so by looping through the ranges and generating a full dict containing all the possible values:
OUTCOMES = {} for i in range(1, 6): OUTCOMES[i] = 'You are about as stealthy as thunderstorm.' for i in range(6, 11): OUTCOMES[i] = 'You tip-toe through the crowd of walkers, while loudly calling them names.' for i in range(11, 16): OUTCOMES[i] = 'You are quiet, and deliberate, but still you smell.' for i in range(16, 21): OUTCOMES[i] = 'You move like a ninja, but attracting a handful of walkers was inevitable.' def get_stealthiness(roll): if roll not in OUTCOMES.keys(): raise ValueError('Unsupported roll: {}'.format(roll)) return OUTCOMES[roll] stealth_roll = randint(1, 20) print(get_stealthiness(stealth_roll))
In this case, we use the ranges to generate a dict that we can look up a result in. We map each roll to an outcome, reusing the same outcomes multiple times. This is less straightforward; it's not quite as easy to discern the probability of each outcome from it. But at least it uses dict properly: it maps a key to a value.
Compute according to probabilities
You could choose the result based on a probabilities calculation. The basic idea is to compute a "cumulative" probability (which you already have with the top end of the roll values) and then loop through until the cumulative probability exceeds the random value. There's plenty of ideas of how to go about it here.
Some simple options are:
numpy.random.choiceA loop:
# Must be in order of cummulative weight OUTCOME_WITH_CUM_WEIGHT = [ ('You are about as stealthy as thunderstorm.', 5), ('You tip-toe through the crowd of walkers, while loudly calling them names.', 10), ('You are quiet, and deliberate, but still you smell.', 15), ('You move like a ninja, but attracting a handful of walkers was inevitable.', 20), ] def get_stealthiness(roll): if 1 > roll or 20 < roll: raise ValueError('Unsupported roll: {}'.format(roll)) for stealthiness, cumweight in OUTCOME_WITH_CUM_WEIGHT: if roll <= cumweight: return stealthiness raise Exception('Reached end of get_stealthiness without returning. This is a bug. roll was ' + str(roll)) stealth_roll = randint(1, 20) print(get_stealthiness(stealth_roll))
random.choices (requires Python 3.6 or higher)
OUTCOMES_SENTENCES = [ 'You are about as stealthy as thunderstorm.', 'You tip-toe through the crowd of walkers, while loudly calling them names.', 'You are quiet, and deliberate, but still you smell.', 'You move like a ninja, but attracting a handful of walkers was inevitable.', ] OUTCOME_CUMULATIVE_WEIGHTS = [5, 10, 15, 20] def make_stealth_roll(): return random.choices( population=OUTCOMES_SENTENCES, cum_weights=OUTCOME_CUMULATIVE_WEIGHTS, ) print(make_stealth_roll())
Some have the downside of taking the actual numeric roll out of your hands, but they're a lot simpler to implement and maintain.
Pythonic
"Pythonic" means keeping your code straightforward and approachable. It means using structures for the purposes they were designed for. dict was not designed for what you're doing.
Speed
All of these options are comparatively fast. According to raratiru's comment, the RangeDict was the fastest answer at the time. However, my testing script shows that except for numpy.random.choice, all the options I've suggested are about 40% to 50% faster:
numpy is an order of magnitude slower if you get one result at a time from it; however, it's an order of magnitude faster if you generate your results in bulk.
回答9:
Thank you everyone for your responses. I kept hacking away, and I came up with a solution that will suit my purposes quite well. It is most similar to the suggestions of @PaulCornelius.
stealth_roll = randint(1, 20) # select from a dictionary of 4 responses using one of four ranges. # only one resolution can be True. # True can be a key value. def check(i, a, b): # check if i is in the range. # return True or False if i in range(a, b): return True else: return False ### can assign returned object as dictionary key! # assign key as True or False. stealth_check = { check(stealth_roll, 1, 6) : 'You are about as stealthy as a thunderstorm.', check(stealth_roll, 6, 11) : 'You tip-toe through the crowd of walkers, while loudly calling them names.', check(stealth_roll, 11, 16) : 'You are quiet, and deliberate, but still you smell.', check(stealth_roll, 15, 21) : 'You move like a ninja, but attracting a handful of walkers was inevitable.' } print stealth_check[True] # print the dictionary value that is True.
