进程之间的通信
预备知识：
1、用户态和内核态，当一个进程在执行用户自己的代码时处于用户运行态（用户态）；当一个进程因为系统调用陷入内核代码中执行时处于内核运行态（内核态）。
2、进程之间的通信（Inter Processs Communication-IPC）实现机制有：管道、消息队列、信号值、信号、共享内存、共享映射文件、套接字等。
3、及时通信：信号（类似中断）；非及时通信：共享内存、邮箱、管道、套接字、
4、常见的信号：终止信号、定时器信号、用户自定义信号等
5、信号：用户、系统或者进程发送给目标进程的信息，以通知目标进程某个状态的改变或系统异常。
6、PCB（progress control block-进程控制块），系统通过PCB，描述进程和控制进程。在Linux系统下，PCB是 task_struct结构体（进程描述符）。
1、进程状态：记录进程是处于运行状态还是等待状态
2、调度信息：进程由哪个函数调度，具体怎样调度等
3、进程之间的通讯状况
4、进程之间的亲属关系：在父进程和子进程之间有task_struct类型的指针，将父进程和子进程联系起来
5、时间数据信息：每个进程执行所占用CPU的时间
6、进程的标志
7、进程的标识符：该进程唯一的标识符用来区别其他进程
8、信号处理信息
9、文件信息：可以进行读写操作的一些文件的信息
10、页面管理信息
11、优先级：相对于其他进程的优先级
12、ptrace系统调用
13、虚拟内存处理
struct task_struct {
volatile long state; /* -1 unrunnable, 0 runnable, >0 stopped */
void *stack;
atomic_t usage;
unsigned int flags; /* per process flags, defined below */
unsigned int ptrace;
int lock_depth; /* BKL lock depth */
#ifdef CONFIG_SMP
#ifdef __ARCH_WANT_UNLOCKED_CTXSW
int oncpu;
#endif
#endif
int prio, static_prio, normal_prio;
unsigned int rt_priority;
const struct sched_class *sched_class;
struct sched_entity se;
struct sched_rt_entity rt;
#ifdef CONFIG_PREEMPT_NOTIFIERS
/* list of struct preempt_notifier: */
struct hlist_head preempt_notifiers;
#endif
/*
* fpu_counter contains the number of consecutive context switches
* that the FPU is used. If this is over a threshold, the lazy fpu
* saving becomes unlazy to save the trap. This is an unsigned char
* so that after 256 times the counter wraps and the behavior turns
* lazy again; this to deal with bursty apps that only use FPU for
* a short time
*/
unsigned char fpu_counter;
#ifdef CONFIG_BLK_DEV_IO_TRACE
unsigned int btrace_seq;
#endif
unsigned int policy;
cpumask_t cpus_allowed;
#ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU
int rcu_read_lock_nesting;
char rcu_read_unlock_special;
struct rcu_node *rcu_blocked_node;
struct list_head rcu_node_entry;
#endif /* #ifdef CONFIG_TREE_PREEMPT_RCU */
#if defined(CONFIG_SCHEDSTATS) || defined(CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT)
struct sched_info sched_info;
#endif
struct list_head tasks;
struct plist_node pushable_tasks;
struct mm_struct *mm, *active_mm;
/* task state */
int exit_state;
int exit_code, exit_signal;
int pdeath_signal; /* The signal sent when the parent dies */
unsigned int personality;
unsigned did_exec:1;
unsigned in_execve:1; /* Tell the LSMs that the process is doing an
* execve */
unsigned in_iowait:1;
/* Revert to default priority/policy when forking */
unsigned sched_reset_on_fork:1;
pid_t pid;
pid_t tgid;
#ifdef CONFIG_CC_STACKPROTECTOR
/* Canary value for the -fstack-protector gcc feature */
unsigned long stack_canary;
#endif
/*
* pointers to (original) parent process, youngest child, younger sibling,
* older sibling, respectively. (p->father can be replaced with
* p->real_parent->pid)
*/
struct task_struct *real_parent; /* real parent process */
struct task_struct *parent; /* recipient of SIGCHLD, wait4() reports */
/*
* children/sibling forms the list of my natural children
*/
struct list_head children; /* list of my children */
struct list_head sibling; /* linkage in my parent's children list */
struct task_struct *group_leader; /* threadgroup leader */
/*
* ptraced is the list of tasks this task is using ptrace on.
* This includes both natural children and PTRACE_ATTACH targets.
* p->ptrace_entry is p's link on the p->parent->ptraced list.
*/
struct list_head ptraced;
struct list_head ptrace_entry;
/*
* This is the tracer handle for the ptrace BTS extension.
* This field actually belongs to the ptracer task.
*/
struct bts_context *bts;
/* PID/PID hash table linkage. */
struct pid_link pids[PIDTYPE_MAX];
struct list_head thread_group;
struct completion *vfork_done; /* for vfork() */
int __user *set_child_tid; /* CLONE_CHILD_SETTID */
int __user *clear_child_tid; /* CLONE_CHILD_CLEARTID */
cputime_t utime, stime, utimescaled, stimescaled;
cputime_t gtime;
cputime_t prev_utime, prev_stime;
unsigned long nvcsw, nivcsw; /* context switch counts */
struct timespec start_time; /* monotonic time */
struct timespec real_start_time; /* boot based time */
/* mm fault and swap info: this can arguably be seen as either mm-specific or thread-specific */
unsigned long min_flt, maj_flt;
struct task_cputime cputime_expires;
struct list_head cpu_timers[3];
/* process credentials */
const struct cred *real_cred; /* objective and real subjective task
* credentials (COW) */
const struct cred *cred; /* effective (overridable) subjective task
* credentials (COW) */
struct mutex cred_guard_mutex; /* guard against foreign influences on
* credential calculations
* (notably. ptrace) */
struct cred *replacement_session_keyring; /* for KEYCTL_SESSION_TO_PARENT */
char comm[TASK_COMM_LEN]; /* executable name excluding path
- access with [gs]et_task_comm (which lock
it with task_lock())
- initialized normally by flush_old_exec */
/* file system info */
int link_count, total_link_count;
#ifdef CONFIG_SYSVIPC
/* ipc stuff */
struct sysv_sem sysvsem;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DETECT_HUNG_TASK
/* hung task detection */
unsigned long last_switch_count;
#endif
/* CPU-specific state of this task */
struct thread_struct thread;
/* filesystem information */
struct fs_struct *fs;
/* open file information */
struct files_struct *files;
/* namespaces */
struct nsproxy *nsproxy;
/* signal handlers */
struct signal_struct *signal;
struct sighand_struct *sighand;
sigset_t blocked, real_blocked;
sigset_t saved_sigmask; /* restored if set_restore_sigmask() was used */
struct sigpending pending;
unsigned long sas_ss_sp;
size_t sas_ss_size;
int (*notifier)(void *priv);
void *notifier_data;
sigset_t *notifier_mask;
struct audit_context *audit_context;
#ifdef CONFIG_AUDITSYSCALL
uid_t loginuid;
unsigned int sessionid;
#endif
seccomp_t seccomp;
/* Thread group tracking */
u32 parent_exec_id;
u32 self_exec_id;
/* Protection of (de-)allocation: mm, files, fs, tty, keyrings, mems_allowed,
* mempolicy */
spinlock_t alloc_lock;
#ifdef CONFIG_GENERIC_HARDIRQS
/* IRQ handler threads */
struct irqaction *irqaction;
#endif
/* Protection of the PI data structures: */
spinlock_t pi_lock;
#ifdef CONFIG_RT_MUTEXES
/* PI waiters blocked on a rt_mutex held by this task */
struct plist_head pi_waiters;
/* Deadlock detection and priority inheritance handling */
struct rt_mutex_waiter *pi_blocked_on;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_DEBUG_MUTEXES
/* mutex deadlock detection */
struct mutex_waiter *blocked_on;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACE_IRQFLAGS
unsigned int irq_events;
int hardirqs_enabled;
unsigned long hardirq_enable_ip;
unsigned int hardirq_enable_event;
unsigned long hardirq_disable_ip;
unsigned int hardirq_disable_event;
int softirqs_enabled;
unsigned long softirq_disable_ip;
unsigned int softirq_disable_event;
unsigned long softirq_enable_ip;
unsigned int softirq_enable_event;
int hardirq_context;
int softirq_context;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_LOCKDEP
# define MAX_LOCK_DEPTH 48UL
u64 curr_chain_key;
int lockdep_depth;
unsigned int lockdep_recursion;
struct held_lock held_locks[MAX_LOCK_DEPTH];
gfp_t lockdep_reclaim_gfp;
#endif
/* journalling filesystem info */
void *journal_info;
/* stacked block device info */
struct bio *bio_list, **bio_tail;
/* VM state */
struct reclaim_state *reclaim_state;
struct backing_dev_info *backing_dev_info;
struct io_context *io_context;
unsigned long ptrace_message;
siginfo_t *last_siginfo; /* For ptrace use. */
struct task_io_accounting ioac;
#if defined(CONFIG_TASK_XACCT)
u64 acct_rss_mem1; /* accumulated rss usage */
u64 acct_vm_mem1; /* accumulated virtual memory usage */
cputime_t acct_timexpd; /* stime + utime since last update */
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CPUSETS
nodemask_t mems_allowed; /* Protected by alloc_lock */
int cpuset_mem_spread_rotor;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_CGROUPS
/* Control Group info protected by css_set_lock */
struct css_set *cgroups;
/* cg_list protected by css_set_lock and tsk->alloc_lock */
struct list_head cg_list;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FUTEX
struct robust_list_head __user *robust_list;
#ifdef CONFIG_COMPAT
struct compat_robust_list_head __user *compat_robust_list;
#endif
struct list_head pi_state_list;
struct futex_pi_state *pi_state_cache;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_PERF_EVENTS
struct perf_event_context *perf_event_ctxp;
struct mutex perf_event_mutex;
struct list_head perf_event_list;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_NUMA
struct mempolicy *mempolicy; /* Protected by alloc_lock */
short il_next;
#endif
atomic_t fs_excl; /* holding fs exclusive resources */
struct rcu_head rcu;
/*
* cache last used pipe for splice
*/
struct pipe_inode_info *splice_pipe;
#ifdef CONFIG_TASK_DELAY_ACCT
struct task_delay_info *delays;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_FAULT_INJECTION
int make_it_fail;
#endif
struct prop_local_single dirties;
#ifdef CONFIG_LATENCYTOP
int latency_record_count;
struct latency_record latency_record[LT_SAVECOUNT];
#endif
/*
* time slack values; these are used to round up poll() and
* select() etc timeout values. These are in nanoseconds.
*/
unsigned long timer_slack_ns;
unsigned long default_timer_slack_ns;
struct list_head *scm_work_list;
#ifdef CONFIG_FUNCTION_GRAPH_TRACER
/* Index of current stored adress in ret_stack */
int curr_ret_stack;
/* Stack of return addresses for return function tracing */
struct ftrace_ret_stack *ret_stack;
/* time stamp for last schedule */
unsigned long long ftrace_timestamp;
/*
* Number of functions that haven't been traced
* because of depth overrun.
*/
atomic_t trace_overrun;
/* Pause for the tracing */
atomic_t tracing_graph_pause;
#endif
#ifdef CONFIG_TRACING
/* state flags for use by tracers */
unsigned long trace;
/* bitmask of trace recursion */
unsigned long trace_recursion;
#endif /* CONFIG_TRACING */
unsigned long stack_start;
};
进程通信机制的原理：
1、信号操作相关的数据结构：
一、sigaction
struct sigction{
void（*sa_handler）（int）； # sa_handler是信号的处理函数对应的指针
sigset_t sa_mask; # sa_mask是信号掩码，表示该处理哪些信号，哪些信号暂时不用处理
int sa_flags;
void(*sa_restorer)(void);
};
二、时间相关的数据结构：timeval；itimeval（记录定时器的数据）
2、信号操作相关的函数
1、不同的信号（sig）有编号（signum），在头文件里面每个信号有默认的处理方式（action）。信号操作的函数主要是向进程发送信号，进程接收到信号之后，可以执行头文件中规定的宏中设定的处理的方式，也可以指定该信号执行新设定的处理的方式。
2、进程会受到多个信号，信号处理的优先顺序，暂时没处理的信号如何保存（使用哪个数据结构保存----信号集），后面如何调用信号处理函数响应进程中多个信号。每个信号集都有通过指针（*set）定位。
1、sigaction、查询或设置指定信号处理方式，return原来信号的处理方式
2、signal、设置指定信号的处理方式，通过handle（函数指针），调用函数作为信号的处理方式
3、kill、给进程（pid）发送信号（sig）
4、raise、给自身发送信号（sig）
5、sigemptyset、信号集初始化（清空信号集）；sigfillset、初始化并加入所有的信号；sigaddset、将制定的信号加入信号集中；sigismenber、通过*set定位，查询signum是否在指定的信号集。
3、 定时器操作相关函数，涉及设置定时器如选择定时器类型（定时器计时消耗的时间以哪一个为准：真实时间，用户态，用户态和内核态选择不同计时器）和定时器的功能函数
1、sleep、将进程暂停运行指定时间（seconds），可以被其他优先级更高的信号或中断打断
2、alarm、在指定间隔时间之后周期性给进程发送信号SIGALRM。
3、setitimer、设置定时器
4、getitimer、获取指定类型的定时器，通过*value指针调用指定类型定时器
注：定时器定时需要重复对timeval；itimeval两个结构体进行操作。
1、UNIX时间戳（Epoch Time）：Unix时间戳（英文为Unix time, POSIX time 或 Unix timestamp）是从Epoch（1970年1月1日00:00:00 UTC）开始所经过的秒数，不考虑闰秒。timeval记录就是Epoch Time至今的时间间隔，进度到毫秒。
2、itimeval结构体记录的是定时器剩余时间