D-bus是一个进程间通信的工具,优点不在这里赘述。
网上很多关于dbus的帖子都是基于dbus-glib或者QT D-bus的,直接使用dbus的教程比较少。也难怪,因为连D-bus的官网都说:"If you use this low-level API directly, you're signing up for some pain."
但实际上,直接使用D-bus也没有想象中难。本文将对直接使用D-bus做一个介绍。
本文参考了其他一些网站的帖子或者介绍
官网:http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/dbus/
经典例子:http://www.matthew.ath.cx/articles/dbus
不错的帖子:http://blog.csdn.net/flowingflying/article/details/4527634
一、概念介绍
这里虽然说是概念介绍,其实只是我个人对D-bus的一个理解,不一定完整准确。
1.首先,D-bus可以分成三部分来看,
(1)dbus-daemon,一个dbus的后台守护程序,用于多个应用之间消息的转发;
(2)libdbus.so,dbus的功能接口,当你的程序需要使用dbus时,其实就是调用libdbus.so里面的接口;
(3)高层封装,如dbus-glib和QT D-bus,这些其实都对D-bus的再封装,让你使用起来更方便。
从D-bus官网下载到源码,其实只包含上面所说的1和2两部分,libdbus.so里面的接口也就是官网说的low-level API。
2.关于address、bus name、path。。。。
D-bus里面提到了一些概念,刚开始不太好理解,这些概念也很容易混淆。这些概念的权威解释可以看这里。
首先,运行一个dbus-daemon就是创建了一条通信的总线Bus。当一个application连接到这条Bus上面时,就产生了Connection。
每个application里面会有不同的Object。这里Object的概念,可以简单地理解为C++里面一个类的实例。从D-bus的概念上说,通信双方是Object,不是application,一个application是可以包含很多个Object的。
而一个Object里面又会有不同的Interface,这个Interface我把它理解为Object里面的一个类的成员。这些Interface其实是通信方式的集合。
这里又牵扯出来一个通信方式,D-bus里面支持的通信方式有两种,一种叫signal,一种叫method。signal简单地讲,其实就是广播,就是一对多的通信方式,可以从app1向其他所有的app发消息,但其他的app是不会对signal进行回复的。method则是一对一的通信,一问一答。这种方式有点像远程调用,app1调用app2的method并传递参数给这个method,获取到这个method返回的结果。
上面把D-bus通信里面的几个重要元素都介绍了一下,大概的关系是这样的:
几个重要的元素之间的关系都画出来了,那么在程序里面怎么去标识这些元素呢?这里又提出来了一些名词address、bus name、path、Interface name。
(1)address是用来标识dbus-daemon的。当一个dbus-daemon运行以后,其他的app该怎么连接到这个dbus-daemon,靠的就是address。address的格式要求像这样:unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket
。
(2)bus name是用来标识application的。当一个app1连接上dbus-daemon以后,相当于有了一个Connection,但其他的app2、app3怎么找到app1,靠的就是bus name。这个bus name标识了app1的Connection,也就相当于标识了app1。bus name由两种,一种是已冒号开头的唯一标识,像:34-907这样;另一种是通用的标识,是方便人看的,像com.mycompany.TextEditor
。
(3)path用于标识Object。当app1的Object1要跟app2的Object2通信时,Object1要和Object2通信时,就要告诉dbus-daemon,Object2的path。path的格式像这样,/com/mycompany/TextFileManager
,已“/”开头。
(4)每个Interface都会有自己的名字,也就是interface name,我们通过这个interface name就可以找到这个interface。interface name像这样org.freedesktop.Hal.Manager
(5)Signal和Method也有自己的名字,这个名字没什么特别的格式要求,随便改个名字就可以了。
官网上对这些标识列了一个表,如下:
A... | is identified by a(n)... | which looks like... | and is chosen by... |
Bus | address | unix:path=/var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket |
system configuration |
Connection | bus name | :34-907 (unique) or com.mycompany.TextEditor (well-known) |
D-Bus (unique) or the owning program (well-known) |
Object | path | /com/mycompany/TextFileManager |
the owning program |
Interface | interface name | org.freedesktop.Hal.Manager |
the owning program |
Member | member name | ListNames |
the owning program |
二、例子
我在Matthew Johnson和恺风的例子基础上做了修改,如下:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <dbus/dbus.h>
/*
* listen, wait a call or a signal
*/
#define DBUS_SENDER_BUS_NAME "com.ty3219.sender_app"
#define DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME "com.ty3219.receiver_app"
#define DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH "/com/ty3219/object"
#define DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE "com.ty3219.interface"
#define DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL "signal"
#define DBUS_RECEIVER_METHOD "method"
#define DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL_RULE "type='signal',interface='%s'"
#define DBUS_RECEIVER_REPLY_STR "i am %d, get a message"
#define MODE_SIGNAL 1
#define MODE_METHOD 2
#define DBUS_CLIENT_PID_FILE "/tmp/dbus-client.pid"
/**
*
* @param msg
* @param conn
*/
void reply_method_call(DBusMessage *msg, DBusConnection *conn)
{
DBusMessage *reply;
DBusMessageIter reply_arg;
DBusMessageIter msg_arg;
dbus_uint32_t serial = 0;
pid_t pid;
char reply_str[128];
void *__value;
char *__value_str;
int __value_int;
int ret;
pid = getpid();
//创建返回消息reply
reply = dbus_message_new_method_return(msg);
if (!reply)
{
printf("Out of Memory!\n");
return;
}
//在返回消息中填入参数。
snprintf(reply_str, sizeof(reply_str), DBUS_RECEIVER_REPLY_STR, pid);
__value_str = reply_str;
__value = &__value_str;
dbus_message_iter_init_append(reply, &reply_arg);
if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&reply_arg, DBUS_TYPE_STRING, __value))
{
printf("Out of Memory!\n");
goto out;
}
//从msg中读取参数,根据传入参数增加返回参数
if (!dbus_message_iter_init(msg, &msg_arg))
{
printf("Message has NO Argument\n");
goto out;
}
do
{
int ret = dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type(&msg_arg);
if (DBUS_TYPE_STRING == ret)
{
dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&msg_arg, &__value_str);
printf("I am %d, get Method Argument STRING: %s\n", pid,
__value_str);
__value = &__value_str;
if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&reply_arg,
DBUS_TYPE_STRING, __value))
{
printf("Out of Memory!\n");
goto out;
}
}
else if (DBUS_TYPE_INT32 == ret)
{
dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&msg_arg, &__value_int);
printf("I am %d, get Method Argument INT32: %d\n", pid,
__value_int);
__value_int++;
__value = &__value_int;
if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&reply_arg,
DBUS_TYPE_INT32, __value))
{
printf("Out of Memory!\n");
goto out;
}
}
else
{
printf("Argument Type ERROR\n");
}
} while (dbus_message_iter_next(&msg_arg));
//发送返回消息
if (!dbus_connection_send(conn, reply, &serial))
{
printf("Out of Memory\n");
goto out;
}
dbus_connection_flush(conn);
out:
dbus_message_unref(reply);
}
/* 监听D-Bus消息,我们在上次的例子中进行修改 */
void dbus_receive(void)
{
DBusMessage *msg;
DBusMessageIter arg;
DBusConnection *connection;
DBusError err;
pid_t pid;
char name[64];
char rule[128];
const char *path;
void *__value;
char *__value_str;
int __value_int;
int ret;
pid = getpid();
dbus_error_init(&err);
//创建于session D-Bus的连接
connection = dbus_bus_get(DBUS_BUS_SESSION, &err);
if (!connection)
{
if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
printf("Connection Error %s\n", err.message);
goto out;
}
//设置一个BUS name
if (0 == access(DBUS_CLIENT_PID_FILE, F_OK))
snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s%d", DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME, pid);
else
snprintf(name, sizeof(name), "%s", DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME);
printf("i am a receiver, PID = %d, name = %s\n", pid, name);
ret = dbus_bus_request_name(connection, name,
DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING, &err);
if (ret != DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_PRIMARY_OWNER)
{
if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
printf("Name Error %s\n", err.message);
goto out;
}
//要求监听某个signal:来自接口test.signal.Type的信号
snprintf(rule, sizeof(rule), DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL_RULE, DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE);
dbus_bus_add_match(connection, rule, &err);
dbus_connection_flush(connection);
if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
{
printf("Match Error %s\n", err.message);
goto out;
}
while (1)
{
dbus_connection_read_write(connection, 0);
msg = dbus_connection_pop_message(connection);
if (msg == NULL)
{
sleep(1);
continue;
}
path = dbus_message_get_path(msg);
if (strcmp(path, DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH))
{
printf("Wrong PATH: %s\n", path);
goto next;
}
printf("Get a Message\n");
if (dbus_message_is_signal(msg, DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL))
{
printf("Someone Send me a Signal\n");
if (!dbus_message_iter_init(msg, &arg))
{
printf("Message Has no Argument\n");
goto next;
}
ret = dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type(&arg);
if (DBUS_TYPE_STRING == ret)
{
dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&arg, &__value_str);
printf("I am %d, Got Signal with STRING: %s\n",
pid, __value_str);
}
else if (DBUS_TYPE_INT32 == ret)
{
dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&arg, &__value_int);
printf("I am %d, Got Signal with INT32: %d\n",
pid, __value_int);
}
else
{
printf("Argument Type ERROR\n");
goto next;
}
}
else if (dbus_message_is_method_call(msg, DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_METHOD))
{
printf("Someone Call My Method\n");
reply_method_call(msg, connection);
}
else
{
printf("NOT a Signal OR a Method\n");
}
next:
dbus_message_unref(msg);
}
out:
dbus_error_free(&err);
}
/*
* call a method
*/
static void dbus_send(int mode, char *type, void *value)
{
DBusConnection *connection;
DBusError err;
DBusMessage *msg;
DBusMessageIter arg;
DBusPendingCall *pending;
dbus_uint32_t serial;
int __type;
void *__value;
char *__value_str;
int __value_int;
pid_t pid;
int ret;
pid = getpid();
//Step 1: connecting session bus
/* initialise the erroes */
dbus_error_init(&err);
/* Connect to Bus*/
connection = dbus_bus_get(DBUS_BUS_SESSION, &err);
if (!connection)
{
if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
printf("Connection Err : %s\n", err.message);
goto out1;
}
//step 2: 设置BUS name,也即连接的名字。
ret = dbus_bus_request_name(connection, DBUS_SENDER_BUS_NAME,
DBUS_NAME_FLAG_REPLACE_EXISTING, &err);
if (ret != DBUS_REQUEST_NAME_REPLY_PRIMARY_OWNER)
{
if (dbus_error_is_set(&err))
printf("Name Err : %s\n", err.message);
goto out1;
}
if (!strcasecmp(type, "STRING"))
{
__type = DBUS_TYPE_STRING;
__value_str = value;
__value = &__value_str;
}
else if (!strcasecmp(type, "INT32"))
{
__type = DBUS_TYPE_INT32;
__value_int = atoi(value);
__value = &__value_int;
}
else
{
printf("Wrong Argument Type\n");
goto out1;
}
if (mode == MODE_METHOD)
{
printf("Call app[bus_name]=%s, object[path]=%s, interface=%s, method=%s\n",
DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME, DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH,
DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_METHOD);
//针对目的地地址,创建一个method call消息。
//Constructs a new message to invoke a method on a remote object.
msg = dbus_message_new_method_call(
DBUS_RECEIVER_BUS_NAME, DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH,
DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_METHOD);
if (msg == NULL)
{
printf("Message NULL");
goto out1;
}
dbus_message_iter_init_append(msg, &arg);
if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&arg, __type, __value))
{
printf("Out of Memory!");
goto out2;
}
//发送消息并获得reply的handle 。Queues a message to send, as with dbus_connection_send() , but also returns a DBusPendingCall used to receive a reply to the message.
if (!dbus_connection_send_with_reply(connection, msg, &pending, -1))
{
printf("Out of Memory!");
goto out2;
}
if (pending == NULL)
{
printf("Pending Call NULL: connection is disconnected ");
goto out2;
}
dbus_connection_flush(connection);
dbus_message_unref(msg);
//waiting a reply,在发送的时候,已经获取了method reply的handle,类型为DBusPendingCall。
// block until we receive a reply, Block until the pending call is completed.
dbus_pending_call_block(pending);
// get the reply message,Gets the reply, or returns NULL if none has been received yet.
msg = dbus_pending_call_steal_reply(pending);
if (msg == NULL)
{
printf("Reply Null\n");
goto out1;
}
// free the pending message handle
dbus_pending_call_unref(pending);
// read the Arguments
if (!dbus_message_iter_init(msg, &arg))
{
printf("Message has no Argument!\n");
goto out2;
}
do
{
int ret = dbus_message_iter_get_arg_type(&arg);
if (DBUS_TYPE_STRING == ret)
{
dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&arg, &__value_str);
printf("I am %d, get Method return STRING: %s\n", pid,
__value_str);
}
else if (DBUS_TYPE_INT32 == ret)
{
dbus_message_iter_get_basic(&arg, &__value_int);
printf("I am %d, get Method return INT32: %d\n", pid,
__value_int);
}
else
{
printf("Argument Type ERROR\n");
}
} while (dbus_message_iter_next(&arg));
printf("NO More Argument\n");
}
else if (mode == MODE_SIGNAL)
{
printf("Signal to object[path]=%s, interface=%s, signal=%s\n",
DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH, DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL);
//步骤3:发送一个信号
//根据图,我们给出这个信号的路径(即可以指向对象),接口,以及信号名,创建一个Message
msg = dbus_message_new_signal(DBUS_RECEIVER_PATH,
DBUS_RECEIVER_INTERFACE, DBUS_RECEIVER_SIGNAL);
if (!msg)
{
printf("Message NULL\n");
goto out1;
}
dbus_message_iter_init_append(msg, &arg);
if (!dbus_message_iter_append_basic(&arg, __type, __value))
{
printf("Out of Memory!");
goto out2;
}
//将信号从连接中发送
if (!dbus_connection_send(connection, msg, &serial))
{
printf("Out of Memory!\n");
goto out2;
}
dbus_connection_flush(connection);
printf("Signal Send\n");
}
out2:
dbus_message_unref(msg);
out1:
dbus_error_free(&err);
}
static void usage(void)
{
#define USAGE "usage: ./dbus-client [send | receive] <param>\n" \
"\treceive -- listen, wait a signal or a method call\n" \
"\t\tif you want to test signal broadcast, run two receiver like this:\n" \
"\t\trm -f /tmp/dbus-client.pid\n" \
"\t\t./dbus-client receive &\n" \
"\t\techo > /tmp/dbus-client.pid\n" \
"\t\t./dbus-client receive &\n" \
"\tsend [mode] [type] [value] -- send a signal or call a method\n" \
"\t\tmode -- SIGNAL | METHOD\n" \
"\t\ttype -- STRING | INT32\n" \
"\t\tvalue -- string or number\n" \
"\t\texample:\n" \
"\t\t./dbus-client send SIGNAL STRING hello\n" \
"\t\t./dbus-client send METHOD INT32 99\n" \
"\n"
printf(USAGE);
}
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
if (argc < 2)
{
usage();
return -1;
}
if (!strcmp(argv[1], "receive"))
{
dbus_receive();
}
else if (!strcmp(argv[1], "send"))
{
if (argc < 5)
{
usage();
}
else
{
if (!strcasecmp(argv[2], "SIGNAL"))
dbus_send(MODE_SIGNAL, argv[3], argv[4]);
else if (!strcasecmp(argv[2], "METHOD"))
dbus_send(MODE_METHOD, argv[3], argv[4]);
else
usage();
}
}
else
{
usage();
}
return 0;
}
三、运行
想要运行上面的例子,还需要一些步骤。
(1)运行dbus-daemon
dbus-daemon的运行需要一个配置文件,这个配置文件稍微有点复杂,这里提供一个最简单的,无任何权限检查的例子debug-allow-all.conf
<!-- Bus that listens on a debug pipe and doesn't create any restrictions -->
<!DOCTYPE busconfig PUBLIC "-//freedesktop//DTD D-BUS Bus Configuration 1.0//EN"
"http://www.freedesktop.org/standards/dbus/1.0/busconfig.dtd">
<busconfig>
<type>session</type>
<listen>unix:tmpdir=/tmp</listen>
<standard_session_servicedirs />
<policy context="default">
<!-- Allow everything to be sent -->
<allow send_destination="*" eavesdrop="true"/>
<!-- Allow everything to be received -->
<allow eavesdrop="true"/>
<!-- Allow anyone to own anything -->
<allow own="*"/>
<allow user="*"/>
</policy>
</busconfig>
执行下面的命令
./dbus-daemon --config-file=/path/to/debug-allow-all.conf --fork --print-address
此时,dbus-daemon就会打印出一句类似这样的话
unix:path=/tmp/dbus-UXeqD3TJHE,guid=88e7712c8a5775ab4599725500000051
其实这个就是dbus-daemon的地址,我们需要把这个地址设置到环境变量里面,当你运行app的时候,libdbus.so就会读取这个环境变量,然后连接到这个dbus-daemon上。
设置环境变量
export DBUS_SESSION_BUS_ADDRESS=unix:path=/tmp/dbus-UXeqD3TJHE,guid=88e7712c8a5775ab4599725500000051
(2)这个时候你就可以运行上面例子编译出来的程序
./dbus-app
此时,会打印出一些参数信息。这个例子程序其实既可收也可以发,
作为接收方时运行
./dbus-app receive &
可以运行多个dbus-app作为接收方,这样测试signal时就可以看到多个dbus-app同时受到这个signal了。
作为发送方时,发送signal
./dbus-app send SIGNAL STRING hello
作为发送方时,调用method
/dbus-app send METHOD INT32 30
至此,一个dbus的例子就可以运行起来了,想详细了解这个例子需要自己去看例子的源码。
来源:CSDN
作者:ty3219
链接:https://blog.csdn.net/ty3219/article/details/47358329