1. map的构造函数
map共提供了6个构造函数,这块涉及到内存分配器这些东西,略过不表,在下面我们将接触到一些map的构造方法,这里要说下的就是,我们通常用如下方法构造一个map:
map<int, string> mapStudent;
2. 数据的插入
在构造map容器后,我们就可以往里面插入数据了。这里讲三种插入数据的方法:
第一种:用insert函数插入pair数据
#include <map> #include <stdlib.h> #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) { map<int, string> mapStudent; map<int,string>::iterator iter; mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (1, "One")); mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (2, "Two")); mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (3, "Three")); for (iter = mapStudent.begin(); iter != mapStudent.end(); iter++) { cout << iter->first << " " << iter->second << endl; } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } /* ---------- end of function main ---------- */
第二种:用insert函数插入value_type数据,下面举例说明
#include <stdlib.h> #include <string> #include <map> #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) { map<int, string> mapStudent; map<int, string>::iterator iter; mapStudent.insert (map<int, string>::value_type (1, "one")); mapStudent.insert (map<int, string>::value_type (2, "two")); mapStudent.insert (map<int, string>::value_type (3, "three")); for (iter = mapStudent.begin(); iter != mapStudent.end(); iter++) { cout << iter->first << " " << iter->second << " " << &iter << endl; } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } /* ---------- end of function main ---------- */
第三种:用数组方式插入数据,下面举例说明
#include <stdlib.h> #include <string> #include <map> #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) { map<int, string> mapStudent; map<int, string>::iterator iter; mapStudent[1] = "one"; mapStudent[2] = "two"; mapStudent[3] = "three"; for (iter = mapStudent.begin(); iter != mapStudent.end(); iter++) { cout << iter->first << " " << iter->second << endl; } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } /* ---------- end of function main ---------- */
演示插入成功与否问题
#include <map> #include <string> #include <iostream> #include <stdlib.h> using namespace std; int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) { map<int, string> mapStudent; map<int, string>::iterator iter; pair<map<int,string>::iterator, bool> InsertPair; InsertPair = mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (1, "one")); if (InsertPair.second == true) { cout << "Insert Successfully" << endl; } else { cout << "Insert Failure" << endl; } InsertPair = mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (1, "two")); if (InsertPair.second == true) { cout << "Insert Successfully" << endl; } else { cout << "Insert Failure" << endl; } for (iter = mapStudent.begin(); iter != mapStudent.end(); iter++) { cout << iter->first << " " << iter->second << " " << &iter << endl; } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } /* ---------- end of function main ---------- */
大家可以用如下程序,看下用数组插入在数据覆盖上的效果
#include <map> #include <string> #include <iostream> #include <stdlib.h> using namespace std; int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) { map<int, string> mapStudent; map<int, string>::iterator iter; int nSize; mapStudent[1] = "one"; mapStudent[2] = "two"; mapStudent[2] = "three"; for (iter = mapStudent.begin(); iter != mapStudent.end(); iter++) { cout << iter->first << " " << iter->second << endl; } nSize = mapStudent.size(); cout << "Size of mapStudent is : " << nSize << endl; return EXIT_SUCCESS; } /* ---------- end of function main ---------- */
3. map的大小
在往map里面插入了数据,我们怎么知道当前已经插入了多少数据呢,可以用size函数,用法如下
int nSize = mapStudent.size();
4. 数据的遍历
这里也提供三种方法,对map进行遍历
第一种:应用前向迭代器,上面举例程序中到处都是了,略过不表
第二种:应用反相迭代器,下面举例说明
#include <stdlib.h> #include <string> #include <map> #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) { map<int, string> mapStudent; map<int, string>::reverse_iterator iter; mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (1, "one")); mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (2, "two")); mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (3, "three")); for (iter = mapStudent.rbegin(); iter != mapStudent.rend(); iter++) { cout << iter->first << " " << iter->second << endl; } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } /* ---------- end of function main ---------- */
第三种:用数组方式,程序说明如下
#include <map> #include <string> #include <iostream> #include <stdlib.h> using namespace std; int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) { map<int, string> mapStudent; int nSize; mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (1, "one")); mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (2, "two")); mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (3, "three")); nSize = mapStudent.size(); for (int nIndex = 1; nIndex <= nSize; nIndex++) { cout << mapStudent[nIndex] << endl; } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } /* ---------- end of function main ---------- */
5. 数据的查找(包括判定这个关键字是否在map中出现)
在这里我们将体会,map在数据插入时保证有序的好处。
要判定一个数据(关键字)是否在map中出现的方法比较多,这里标题虽然是数据的查找,在这里将穿插着大量的map基本用法。
这里给出三种数据查找方法
第一种:用count函数来判定关键字是否出现,其缺点是无法定位数据出现位置,由于map的特性,一对一的映射关系,就决定了count函数的返回值只有两个,要么是0,要么是1,出现的情况,当然是返回1了
第二种:用find函数来定位数据出现位置,它返回的一个迭代器,当数据出现时,它返回数据所在位置的迭代器,如果map中没有要查找的数据,它返回的迭代器等于end函数返回的迭代器,程序说明
#include <map> #include <stdlib.h> #include <iostream> #include <string> using namespace std; int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) { map<int, string> mapStudent; map<int, string>::iterator iter; mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (1, "one")); mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (2, "two")); mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (3, "three")); iter = mapStudent.find(1); if (iter != mapStudent.end()) { cout << "Found, the value is " << iter->second << endl; } else { cout << "Not found" << endl; } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } /* ---------- end of function main ---------- */
第三种:这个方法用来判定数据是否出现,是显得笨了点,但是,我打算在这里讲解
Lower_bound函数用法,这个函数用来返回要查找关键字的下界(是一个迭代器)
Upper_bound函数用法,这个函数用来返回要查找关键字的上界(是一个迭代器)
例如:map中已经插入了1,2,3,4的话,如果lower_bound(2)的话,返回的2,而upper-bound(2)的话,返回的就是3
Equal_range函数返回一个pair,pair里面第一个变量是Lower_bound返回的迭代器,pair里面第二个迭代器是Upper_bound返回的迭代器,如果这两个迭代器相等的话,则说明map中不出现这个关键字,程序说明
#include <map> #include <stdlib.h> #include <string> #include <iostream> using namespace std; int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) { map<int, string> mapStudent; map<int, string>::iterator iter; mapStudent[1] = "one"; mapStudent[3] = "three"; mapStudent[5] = "five"; iter = mapStudent.lower_bound(2); { //返回的是下界3的迭代器 cout<<iter->second<<endl; } iter = mapStudent.lower_bound(3); { //返回的是下界3的迭代器 cout<<iter->second<<endl; } iter = mapStudent.upper_bound(2); { //返回的是上界3的迭代器 cout<<iter->second<<endl; } iter = mapStudent.upper_bound(3); { //返回的是上界5的迭代器 cout<<iter->second<<endl; } pair<map<int, string>::iterator, map<int, string>::iterator> mapPair; mapPair = mapStudent.equal_range(2); if(mapPair.first == mapPair.second) { cout<<"Not found"<<endl; } else { cout<<"Found"<<endl; } mapPair = mapStudent.equal_range(3); if(mapPair.first == mapPair.second) { cout<<"Not found"<<endl; } else { cout<<"Found"<<endl; } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } /* ---------- end of function main ---------- */
6. 数据的清空与判空和删除
清空map中的数据可以用clear()函数,判定map中是否有数据可以用empty()函数,它返回true则说明是空map
删除要用到erase函数,它有三个重载了的函数,下面在例子中详细说明它们的用法
#include <map> #include <string> #include <iostream> #include <stdlib.h> using namespace std; void display (map<int, string>& m); int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) { map<int, string> mapStudent, mapBack; map<int, string>::iterator iter; bool isEmpty; int n = 0; mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (1, "one")); mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (2, "two")); mapStudent.insert (pair<int, string> (3, "three")); mapBack = mapStudent; cout << "Display mapStudent" << endl; display (mapStudent); isEmpty = mapStudent.empty(); if (isEmpty) { cout << "mapStudent is empty" << endl; } else { cout << "mapStudent is not empty" << endl; } cout << "\nAfter clear mapStudent" << endl; mapStudent.clear(); isEmpty = mapStudent.empty(); if (isEmpty) { cout << "mapStudent is empty" << endl; } else { cout << "mapStudent is not empty" << endl; } cout << "\nDisplay mapBack" << endl; display (mapBack); n = mapBack.erase(2); /* 如果删除成功会返回1,否则返回0 */ if (1 == n) { cout << "erase suceess!" << endl; } cout << "After earse(2)" << endl; display (mapBack); cout << "After earse from begin to end" << endl; mapBack.erase (mapBack.begin(), mapBack.end()); isEmpty = mapBack.empty(); if (isEmpty) { cout << "mapBack is empty" << endl; } else { cout << "mapBack is not empty" << endl; } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } /* ---------- end of function main ---------- */ void display ( map<int, string>& m ) { map<int, string>::iterator iter = m.begin(); for (; iter != m.end(); iter++) { cout << iter->first << " " << iter->second << endl; } cout << endl; } /* ----- end of function display ----- */
7. 其他一些函数用法
这里有swap,key_comp,value_comp,get_allocator等函数,感觉到这些函数在编程用的不是很多,略过不表,有兴趣的话可以自个研究
8. 排序
这里要讲的是一点比较高深的用法了,排序问题,STL中默认是采用小于号来排序的,以上代码在排序上是不存在任何问题的,因为上面的关键字是int型,它本身支持小于号运算,在一些特殊情况,比如关键字是一个结构体,涉及到排序就会出现问题,因为它没有小于号操作,insert等函数在编译的时候过不去,下面给出两个方法解决这个问题
第一种:小于号重载,程序举例
#include <map> #include <string> #include <iostream> #include <stdlib.h> using namespace std; typedef struct tagStudentInfo { int nID; string strName; bool operator < (tagStudentInfo const & _A) const { //这个函数指定排序策略,按nID排序,如果nID相等,则按strName排序 if (nID < _A.nID) return true; if (nID == _A.nID) return strName.compare (_A.strName) < 0; return false; } }StudentInfo, *PStudentInfo; /* 学生信息 */ int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) { //用学生信息映射分数 map<StudentInfo, int>mapStudent; map<StudentInfo, int>::iterator iter; StudentInfo studentInfo; studentInfo.nID = 1; studentInfo.strName = "student_one"; mapStudent.insert(pair<StudentInfo, int>(studentInfo, 90)); studentInfo.nID = 2; studentInfo.strName = "student_two"; mapStudent.insert(pair<StudentInfo, int>(studentInfo, 80)); for (iter = mapStudent.begin(); iter != mapStudent.end(); iter++) cout << iter->first.nID << endl << iter->first.strName << endl << iter->second << endl; return EXIT_SUCCESS; } /* ---------- end of function main ---------- */
第二种:仿函数的应用,这个时候结构体中没有直接的小于号重载,程序说明
#include <stdlib.h> #include <string> #include <iostream> #include <map> using namespace std; typedef struct tagStudentInfo { int nID; string strName; }StudentInfo, *PStudentInfo; /* 学生信息 */ /* * ===================================================================================== * Class: sort * Description: sort * ===================================================================================== */ class sort { public: bool operator () (StudentInfo const &_A, StudentInfo const &_B) const { if (_A.nID < _B.nID) return true; if (_A.nID == _B.nID) return _A.strName.compare (_B.strName) < 0; return false; } }; int main ( int argc, char *argv[] ) { //用学生信息映射分数 map<StudentInfo, int, sort>mapStudent; map<StudentInfo, int, sort>::iterator iter; StudentInfo studentInfo; studentInfo.nID = 1; studentInfo.strName = "student_one"; mapStudent.insert(pair<StudentInfo, int>(studentInfo, 90)); studentInfo.nID = 2; studentInfo.strName = "student_two"; mapStudent.insert(pair<StudentInfo, int>(studentInfo, 80)); for (iter = mapStudent.begin(); iter != mapStudent.end(); iter++) { cout << iter->first.strName << " " << iter->second << endl; } return EXIT_SUCCESS; } /* ---------- end of function main ---------- */
醒目:本文根据(原文:http://ericwang.github.com/c_cpp/2009/12/30/cpp-map.html)整理,如有问题请看原文。