I was wondering if there is a way to determine if an image is blurry or not by analyzing the image data.
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回答1:
yes it is. compute the fft and analyse the result. The Fourier transform tells you which frequencies are present in the image. If there is a low amount of high frequencies, then the image is blurry.
Defining the terms 'low' and 'high' is up to you.
edit: as stated in the comments, if you want a single float representing the blurryness of a given image, you have to work out a suitable metric.
nikie's answer provide such a metric. Convolve the image with a Laplacian kernel:
1 1 -4 1 1And use a robust maximum metric on the output to get a number which you can use for thresholding. Try to avoid smoothing too much the images before computing the Laplacian, because you will only find out that a smoothed image is indeed blurry :-).
回答2:
Another very simple way to estimate the sharpness of an image is to use a Laplace (or LoG) filter and simply pick the maximum value. Using a robust measure like a 99.9% quantile is probably better if you expect noise (i.e. picking the Nth-highest contrast instead of the highest contrast.) If you expect varying image brightness, you should also include a preprocessing step to normalize image brightness/contrast (e.g. histogram equalization).
I've implemented Simon's suggestion and this one in Mathematica, and tried it on a few test images:
The first test blurs the test images using a Gaussian filter with a varying kernel size, then calculates the FFT of the blurred image and takes the average of the 90% highest frequencies:
testFft[img_] := Table[ ( blurred = GaussianFilter[img, r]; fft = Fourier[ImageData[blurred]]; {w, h} = Dimensions[fft]; windowSize = Round[w/2.1]; Mean[Flatten[(Abs[ fft[[w/2 - windowSize ;; w/2 + windowSize, h/2 - windowSize ;; h/2 + windowSize]]])]] ), {r, 0, 10, 0.5}]Result in a logarithmic plot:
The 5 lines represent the 5 test images, the X axis represents the Gaussian filter radius. The graphs are decreasing, so the FFT is a good measure for sharpness.
This is the code for the "highest LoG" blurriness estimator: It simply applies an LoG filter and returns the brightest pixel in the filter result:
testLaplacian[img_] := Table[ ( blurred = GaussianFilter[img, r]; Max[Flatten[ImageData[LaplacianGaussianFilter[blurred, 1]]]]; ), {r, 0, 10, 0.5}]Result in a logarithmic plot:
The spread for the un-blurred images is a little better here (2.5 vs 3.3), mainly because this method only uses the strongest contrast in the image, while the FFT is essentially a mean over the whole image. The functions are also decreasing faster, so it might be easier to set a "blurry" threshold.
回答3:
During some work with an auto-focus lens, I came across this very useful set of algorithms for detecting image focus. It's implemented in MATLAB, but most of the functions are quite easy to port to OpenCV with filter2D.
It's basically a survey implementation of many focus measurement algorithms. If you want to read the original papers, references to the authors of the algorithms are provided in the code. The 2012 paper by Pertuz, et al. Analysis of focus measure operators for shape from focus (SFF) gives a great review of all of these measure as well as their performance (both in terms of speed and accuracy as applied to SFF).
EDIT: Added MATLAB code just in case the link dies.
function FM = fmeasure(Image, Measure, ROI) %This function measures the relative degree of focus of %an image. It may be invoked as: % % FM = fmeasure(Image, Method, ROI) % %Where % Image, is a grayscale image and FM is the computed % focus value. % Method, is the focus measure algorithm as a string. % see 'operators.txt' for a list of focus % measure methods. % ROI, Image ROI as a rectangle [xo yo width heigth]. % if an empty argument is passed, the whole % image is processed. % % Said Pertuz % Abr/2010 if ~isempty(ROI) Image = imcrop(Image, ROI); end WSize = 15; % Size of local window (only some operators) switch upper(Measure) case 'ACMO' % Absolute Central Moment (Shirvaikar2004) if ~isinteger(Image), Image = im2uint8(Image); end FM = AcMomentum(Image); case 'BREN' % Brenner's (Santos97) [M N] = size(Image); DH = Image; DV = Image; DH(1:M-2,:) = diff(Image,2,1); DV(:,1:N-2) = diff(Image,2,2); FM = max(DH, DV); FM = FM.^2; FM = mean2(FM); case 'CONT' % Image contrast (Nanda2001) ImContrast = inline('sum(abs(x(:)-x(5)))'); FM = nlfilter(Image, [3 3], ImContrast); FM = mean2(FM); case 'CURV' % Image Curvature (Helmli2001) if ~isinteger(Image), Image = im2uint8(Image); end M1 = [-1 0 1;-1 0 1;-1 0 1]; M2 = [1 0 1;1 0 1;1 0 1]; P0 = imfilter(Image, M1, 'replicate', 'conv')/6; P1 = imfilter(Image, M1', 'replicate', 'conv')/6; P2 = 3*imfilter(Image, M2, 'replicate', 'conv')/10 ... -imfilter(Image, M2', 'replicate', 'conv')/5; P3 = -imfilter(Image, M2, 'replicate', 'conv')/5 ... +3*imfilter(Image, M2, 'replicate', 'conv')/10; FM = abs(P0) + abs(P1) + abs(P2) + abs(P3); FM = mean2(FM); case 'DCTE' % DCT energy ratio (Shen2006) FM = nlfilter(Image, [8 8], @DctRatio); FM = mean2(FM); case 'DCTR' % DCT reduced energy ratio (Lee2009) FM = nlfilter(Image, [8 8], @ReRatio); FM = mean2(FM); case 'GDER' % Gaussian derivative (Geusebroek2000) N = floor(WSize/2); sig = N/2.5; [x,y] = meshgrid(-N:N, -N:N); G = exp(-(x.^2+y.^2)/(2*sig^2))/(2*pi*sig); Gx = -x.*G/(sig^2);Gx = Gx/sum(Gx(:)); Gy = -y.*G/(sig^2);Gy = Gy/sum(Gy(:)); Rx = imfilter(double(Image), Gx, 'conv', 'replicate'); Ry = imfilter(double(Image), Gy, 'conv', 'replicate'); FM = Rx.^2+Ry.^2; FM = mean2(FM); case 'GLVA' % Graylevel variance (Krotkov86) FM = std2(Image); case 'GLLV' %Graylevel local variance (Pech2000) LVar = stdfilt(Image, ones(WSize,WSize)).^2; FM = std2(LVar)^2; case 'GLVN' % Normalized GLV (Santos97) FM = std2(Image)^2/mean2(Image); case 'GRAE' % Energy of gradient (Subbarao92a) Ix = Image; Iy = Image; Iy(1:end-1,:) = diff(Image, 1, 1); Ix(:,1:end-1) = diff(Image, 1, 2); FM = Ix.^2 + Iy.^2; FM = mean2(FM); case 'GRAT' % Thresholded gradient (Snatos97) Th = 0; %Threshold Ix = Image; Iy = Image; Iy(1:end-1,:) = diff(Image, 1, 1); Ix(:,1:end-1) = diff(Image, 1, 2); FM = max(abs(Ix), abs(Iy)); FM(FMImage); FM = 1./R1; FM(index) = R1(index); FM = mean2(FM); case 'HISE' % Histogram entropy (Krotkov86) FM = entropy(Image); case 'HISR' % Histogram range (Firestone91) FM = max(Image(:))-min(Image(:)); case 'LAPE' % Energy of laplacian (Subbarao92a) LAP = fspecial('laplacian'); FM = imfilter(Image, LAP, 'replicate', 'conv'); FM = mean2(FM.^2); case 'LAPM' % Modified Laplacian (Nayar89) M = [-1 2 -1]; Lx = imfilter(Image, M, 'replicate', 'conv'); Ly = imfilter(Image, M', 'replicate', 'conv'); FM = abs(Lx) + abs(Ly); FM = mean2(FM); case 'LAPV' % Variance of laplacian (Pech2000) LAP = fspecial('laplacian'); ILAP = imfilter(Image, LAP, 'replicate', 'conv'); FM = std2(ILAP)^2; case 'LAPD' % Diagonal laplacian (Thelen2009) M1 = [-1 2 -1]; M2 = [0 0 -1;0 2 0;-1 0 0]/sqrt(2); M3 = [-1 0 0;0 2 0;0 0 -1]/sqrt(2); F1 = imfilter(Image, M1, 'replicate', 'conv'); F2 = imfilter(Image, M2, 'replicate', 'conv'); F3 = imfilter(Image, M3, 'replicate', 'conv'); F4 = imfilter(Image, M1', 'replicate', 'conv'); FM = abs(F1) + abs(F2) + abs(F3) + abs(F4); FM = mean2(FM); case 'SFIL' %Steerable filters (Minhas2009) % Angles = [0 45 90 135 180 225 270 315]; N = floor(WSize/2); sig = N/2.5; [x,y] = meshgrid(-N:N, -N:N); G = exp(-(x.^2+y.^2)/(2*sig^2))/(2*pi*sig); Gx = -x.*G/(sig^2);Gx = Gx/sum(Gx(:)); Gy = -y.*G/(sig^2);Gy = Gy/sum(Gy(:)); R(:,:,1) = imfilter(double(Image), Gx, 'conv', 'replicate'); R(:,:,2) = imfilter(double(Image), Gy, 'conv', 'replicate'); R(:,:,3) = cosd(45)*R(:,:,1)+sind(45)*R(:,:,2); R(:,:,4) = cosd(135)*R(:,:,1)+sind(135)*R(:,:,2); R(:,:,5) = cosd(180)*R(:,:,1)+sind(180)*R(:,:,2); R(:,:,6) = cosd(225)*R(:,:,1)+sind(225)*R(:,:,2); R(:,:,7) = cosd(270)*R(:,:,1)+sind(270)*R(:,:,2); R(:,:,7) = cosd(315)*R(:,:,1)+sind(315)*R(:,:,2); FM = max(R,[],3); FM = mean2(FM); case 'SFRQ' % Spatial frequency (Eskicioglu95) Ix = Image; Iy = Image; Ix(:,1:end-1) = diff(Image, 1, 2); Iy(1:end-1,:) = diff(Image, 1, 1); FM = mean2(sqrt(double(Iy.^2+Ix.^2))); case 'TENG'% Tenengrad (Krotkov86) Sx = fspecial('sobel'); Gx = imfilter(double(Image), Sx, 'replicate', 'conv'); Gy = imfilter(double(Image), Sx', 'replicate', 'conv'); FM = Gx.^2 + Gy.^2; FM = mean2(FM); case 'TENV' % Tenengrad variance (Pech2000) Sx = fspecial('sobel'); Gx = imfilter(double(Image), Sx, 'replicate', 'conv'); Gy = imfilter(double(Image), Sx', 'replicate', 'conv'); G = Gx.^2 + Gy.^2; FM = std2(G)^2; case 'VOLA' % Vollath's correlation (Santos97) Image = double(Image); I1 = Image; I1(1:end-1,:) = Image(2:end,:); I2 = Image; I2(1:end-2,:) = Image(3:end,:); Image = Image.*(I1-I2); FM = mean2(Image); case 'WAVS' %Sum of Wavelet coeffs (Yang2003) [C,S] = wavedec2(Image, 1, 'db6'); H = wrcoef2('h', C, S, 'db6', 1); V = wrcoef2('v', C, S, 'db6', 1); D = wrcoef2('d', C, S, 'db6', 1); FM = abs(H) + abs(V) + abs(D); FM = mean2(FM); case 'WAVV' %Variance of Wav...(Yang2003) [C,S] = wavedec2(Image, 1, 'db6'); H = abs(wrcoef2('h', C, S, 'db6', 1)); V = abs(wrcoef2('v', C, S, 'db6', 1)); D = abs(wrcoef2('d', C, S, 'db6', 1)); FM = std2(H)^2+std2(V)+std2(D); case 'WAVR' [C,S] = wavedec2(Image, 3, 'db6'); H = abs(wrcoef2('h', C, S, 'db6', 1)); V = abs(wrcoef2('v', C, S, 'db6', 1)); D = abs(wrcoef2('d', C, S, 'db6', 1)); A1 = abs(wrcoef2('a', C, S, 'db6', 1)); A2 = abs(wrcoef2('a', C, S, 'db6', 2)); A3 = abs(wrcoef2('a', C, S, 'db6', 3)); A = A1 + A2 + A3; WH = H.^2 + V.^2 + D.^2; WH = mean2(WH); WL = mean2(A); FM = WH/WL; otherwise error('Unknown measure %s',upper(Measure)) end end %************************************************************************ function fm = AcMomentum(Image) [M N] = size(Image); Hist = imhist(Image)/(M*N); Hist = abs((0:255)-255*mean2(Image))'.*Hist; fm = sum(Hist); end %****************************************************************** function fm = DctRatio(M) MT = dct2(M).^2; fm = (sum(MT(:))-MT(1,1))/MT(1,1); end %************************************************************************ function fm = ReRatio(M) M = dct2(M); fm = (M(1,2)^2+M(1,3)^2+M(2,1)^2+M(2,2)^2+M(3,1)^2)/(M(1,1)^2); end %****************************************************************** A few examples of OpenCV versions:
// OpenCV port of 'LAPM' algorithm (Nayar89) double modifiedLaplacian(const cv::Mat& src) { cv::Mat M = (Mat_(3, 1)
No guarantees on whether or not these measures are the best choice for your problem, but if you track down the papers associated with these measures, they may give you more insight. Hope you find the code useful! I know I did.
回答4:
Building off of Nike's answer. Its straightforward to implement the laplacian based method with opencv:
short GetSharpness(char* data, unsigned int width, unsigned int height) { // assumes that your image is already in planner yuv or 8 bit greyscale IplImage* in = cvCreateImage(cvSize(width,height),IPL_DEPTH_8U,1); IplImage* out = cvCreateImage(cvSize(width,height),IPL_DEPTH_16S,1); memcpy(in->imageData,data,width*height); // aperture size of 1 corresponds to the correct matrix cvLaplace(in, out, 1); short maxLap = -32767; short* imgData = (short*)out->imageData; for(int i =0;iimageSize/2);i++) { if(imgData[i] > maxLap) maxLap = imgData[i]; } cvReleaseImage(&in); cvReleaseImage(&out); return maxLap; }
Will return a short indicating the maximum sharpness detected, which based on my tests on real world samples, is a pretty good indicator of if a camera is in focus or not. Not surprisingly, normal values are scene dependent but much less so than the FFT method which has to high of a false positive rate to be useful in my application.
回答5:
I came up with a totally different solution. I needed to analyse video still frames to find the sharpest one in every (X) frames. This way, I would detect motion blur and/or out of focus images.
I ended up using Canny Edge detection and I got VERY VERY good results with almost every kind of video (with nikie's method, I had problems with digitalized VHS videos and heavy interlaced videos).
I optimized the performance by setting a region of interest (ROI) on the original image.
Using EmguCV :
//Convert image using Canny using (Image imgCanny = imgOrig.Canny(225, 175)) { //Count the number of pixel representing an edge int nCountCanny = imgCanny.CountNonzero()[0]; //Compute a sharpness grade: // 6 =stable, sharp double dSharpness = (nCountCanny * 1000.0 / (imgCanny.Cols * imgCanny.Rows)); }
回答6:
Thanks nikie for that great Laplace suggestion. OpenCV docs pointed me in the same direction: using python, cv2 (opencv 2.4.10), and numpy...
gray = cv2.cvtColor(img, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY) numpy.max(cv2.convertScaleAbs(cv2.Laplacian(gray_image,3)))
result is between 0-255. I found anything over 200ish is very in focus, and by 100, it's noticeably blurry. the max never really gets much under 20 even if it's completely blurred.
回答7:
One way which I'm currently using measures the spread of edges in the image. Look for this paper:
@ARTICLE{Marziliano04perceptualblur, author = {Pina Marziliano and Frederic Dufaux and Stefan Winkler and Touradj Ebrahimi}, title = {Perceptual blur and ringing metrics: Application to JPEG2000,” Signal Process}, journal = {Image Commun}, year = {2004}, pages = {163--172} }
It's usually behind a paywall but I've seen some free copies around. Basically, they locate vertical edges in an image, and then measure how wide those edges are. Averaging the width gives the final blur estimation result for the image. Wider edges correspond to blurry images, and vice versa.
This problem belongs to the field of no-reference image quality estimation. If you look it up on Google Scholar, you'll get plenty of useful references.
EDIT
Here's a plot of the blur estimates obtained for the 5 images in nikie's post. Higher values correspond to greater blur. I used a fixed-size 11x11 Gaussian filter and varied the standard deviation (using imagemagick's convert command to obtain the blurred images).
If you compare images of different sizes, don't forget to normalize by the image width, since larger images will have wider edges.
Finally, a significant problem is distinguishing between artistic blur and undesired blur (caused by focus miss, compression, relative motion of the subject to the camera), but that is beyond simple approaches like this one. For an example of artistic blur, have a look at the Lenna image: Lenna's reflection in the mirror is blurry, but her face is perfectly in focus. This contributes to a higher blur estimate for the Lenna image.
回答8:
Answers above elucidated many things, but I think it is useful to make a conceptual distinction.
What if you take a perfectly on-focus picture of a blurred image?
The blurring detection problem is only well posed when you have a reference. If you need to design, e.g., an auto-focus system, you compare a sequence of images taken with different degrees of blurring, or smoothing, and you try to find the point of minimum blurring within this set. I other words you need to cross reference the various images using one of the techniques illustrated above (basically--with various possible levels of refinement in the approach--looking for the one image with the highest high-frequency content).
回答9:
I tried solution based on Laplacian filter from this post. It didn't help me. So, I tried the solution from this post and it was good for my case (but is slow):
import cv2 image = cv2.imread("test.jpeg") height, width = image.shape[:2] gray = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_BGR2GRAY) def px(x, y): return int(gray[y, x]) sum = 0 for x in range(width-1): for y in range(height): sum += abs(px(x, y) - px(x+1, y))
Less blurred image has maximum sum value!
You can also tune speed and accuracy by changing step, e.g.
this part
for x in range(width - 1):
you can replace with this one
for x in range(0, width - 1, 10):
回答10:
Matlab code of two methods that have been published in highly regarded journals (IEEE Transactions on Image Processing) are available here: https://ivulab.asu.edu/software
check the CPBDM and JNBM algorithms. If you check the code it's not very hard to be ported and incidentally it is based on the Marzialiano's method as basic feature.
回答11:
i implemented it use fft in matlab and check histogram of the fft compute mean and std but also fit function can be done
fa = abs(fftshift(fft(sharp_img))); fb = abs(fftshift(fft(blured_img))); f1=20*log10(0.001+fa); f2=20*log10(0.001+fb); figure,imagesc(f1);title('org') figure,imagesc(f2);title('blur') figure,hist(f1(:),100);title('org') figure,hist(f2(:),100);title('blur') mf1=mean(f1(:)); mf2=mean(f2(:)); mfd1=median(f1(:)); mfd2=median(f2(:)); sf1=std(f1(:)); sf2=std(f2(:));
