概览
同 ArrayList 一样,LinkedList 也是对 List 接口的一种具体实现。不同的是,ArrayList 是基于数组来实现的,而 LinkedList 是基于双向链表实现的。LinkedList 类的声明如下:
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public class LinkedList<E> extends AbstractSequentialList<E> implements List<E>, Deque<E>, Cloneable, java.io.Serializable |
LinkedList 继承自 AbstractSequentialList,实现了 List 接口,同时还实现了 Deque 接口。AbstractSequentialList 是 AbstractList 的子类,为基于顺序访问的链表提供了一些基本的实现。LinkedList 实现了 Deque 接口,Deque 接口是一种双端队列,可以作为 FIFO 队列和 LIFO 队列(栈)来使用。LinkedList 支持所有元素,包括 null。
下面基于JDK 8 中的代码对LinkedList的实现加以分析。
底层结构
LinkedList 基于双向链表进行实现,并使用两个引用 first 和 last 分别指向双向链表的头尾元素。同 ArrayList 一样,使用 modCount 来记录结构化修改的次数,并依此实现 fail-fast 机制。
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transient int size = 0;/** * Pointer to first node. * Invariant: (first == null && last == null) || * (first.prev == null && first.item != null) */transient Node<E> first;/** * Pointer to last node. * Invariant: (first == null && last == null) || * (last.next == null && last.item != null) */transient Node<E> last; |
双向链表的节点结构如下,分别用 prev 和 next 指向该节点的前驱和后继结点。
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private static class Node<E> { E item; Node<E> next; Node<E> prev; Node(Node<E> prev, E element, Node<E> next) { this.item = element; this.next = next; this.prev = prev; }} |
双向链表操作
LinkedList 提供的所有操作都是在双向链表的基础上完成的。Dqeue 接口的一些实现就是在 双向链表的两端进行操作,也是基于对头和尾部元素的操作。总的来说,双向链表的操作并不复杂,下面简单地进行解析,大部分操作都是对以下几种操作的封装。
向头部添加元素
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//将一个元素加入双向链表的头部private void linkFirst(E e) { final Node<E> f = first; //新节点的前驱节点为null,后继节点为原来的头节点 final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(null, e, f); first = newNode; if (f == null) //原来的头节点为空 //新加入的节点是第一个也是最后一个 last = newNode; else //修改原来头节点的前驱指向 f.prev = newNode; //调整链表大小 size++; //修改计数器 modCount++;} |
向尾部添加元素
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void linkLast(E e) { final Node<E> l = last; final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(l, e, null); last = newNode; if (l == null) first = newNode; else l.next = newNode; size++; modCount++;} |
从中间插入元素
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//在一个非空节点前插入元素void linkBefore(E e, Node<E> succ) { // assert succ != null; final Node<E> pred = succ.prev; //获取前驱 //注意新建节点的前驱与后继 final Node<E> newNode = new Node<>(pred, e, succ); //调整相关节点的前驱与后继关系 succ.prev = newNode; if (pred == null) first = newNode; else pred.next = newNode; //修改大小 size++; modCount++;} |
移除头部节点
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//将头节点从链表移除private E unlinkFirst(Node<E> f) { // assert f == first && f != null; final E element = f.item; final Node<E> next = f.next; //引用修改为null,方便GC f.item = null; f.next = null; // help GC //调整头节点 first = next; if (next == null) //移除后链表为空 last = null; else next.prev = null; size--; modCount++; return element;} |
移除尾部节点
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private E unlinkLast(Node<E> l) { // assert l == last && l != null; final E element = l.item; final Node<E> prev = l.prev; l.item = null; l.prev = null; // help GC last = prev; if (prev == null) first = null; else prev.next = null; size--; modCount++; return element;} |
移除任意一个非空节点
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//移除一个非空节点E unlink(Node<E> x) { // assert x != null; final E element = x.item; final Node<E> next = x.next; //前驱 final Node<E> prev = x.prev; //后继 //注意对前驱为null的处理 if (prev == null) { first = next; } else { prev.next = next; x.prev = null; } //注意对后继为null的处理 if (next == null) { last = prev; } else { next.prev = prev; x.next = null; } x.item = null; //GC size--; modCount++; return element;} |
清空链表
主要是为了方便垃圾回收器进行垃圾回收。
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public void clear() { // Clearing all of the links between nodes is "unnecessary", but: // - helps a generational GC if the discarded nodes inhabit // more than one generation // - is sure to free memory even if there is a reachable Iterator for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; ) { Node<E> next = x.next; x.item = null; x.next = null; x.prev = null; x = next; } first = last = null; size = 0; modCount++;} |
根据索引获取元素
因为是双向链表,可向前遍历,也可向后遍历。查找时双向进行,靠近头节点则从前向后查找;靠近尾部,则从后向前查找。
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//根据索引获取元素Node<E> node(int index) { // assert isElementIndex(index); //双向查找,根据index和size判断 //前半段,从头节点向后查找 //后半段,从尾节点向前查找 if (index < (size >> 1)) { Node<E> x = first; for (int i = 0; i < index; i++) x = x.next; return x; } else { Node<E> x = last; for (int i = size - 1; i > index; i--) x = x.prev; return x; }} |
反查一个元素的索引
第一次出现:
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public int indexOf(Object o) { int index = 0; if (o == null) { for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) { if (x.item == null) return index; index++; } } else { for (Node<E> x = first; x != null; x = x.next) { if (o.equals(x.item)) return index; index++; } } return -1;} |
最后一次出现,从后向前查找:
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public int lastIndexOf(Object o) { int index = size; if (o == null) { for (Node<E> x = last; x != null; x = x.prev) { index--; if (x.item == null) return index; } } else { for (Node<E> x = last; x != null; x = x.prev) { index--; if (o.equals(x.item)) return index; } } return -1;} |
迭代器
通过 next 的指向依次进行遍历。还提供了反向的迭代(从尾部到头部),通过 prev 的指向依次遍历。
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private class ListItr implements ListIterator<E> { private Node<E> lastReturned; private Node<E> next; private int nextIndex; //创建迭代器时的modCount,检测并发修改,fail-fast private int expectedModCount = modCount; ListItr(int index) { // assert isPositionIndex(index); next = (index == size) ? null : node(index); nextIndex = index; } public boolean hasNext() { return nextIndex < size; } public E next() { checkForComodification(); if (!hasNext()) throw new NoSuchElementException(); lastReturned = next; next = next.next; nextIndex++; return lastReturned.item; } public boolean hasPrevious() { return nextIndex > 0; } public E previous() { checkForComodification(); if (!hasPrevious()) throw new NoSuchElementException(); //如果next == null, 前一个为尾节点 lastReturned = next = (next == null) ? last : next.prev; nextIndex--; return lastReturned.item; } public int nextIndex() { return nextIndex; } public int previousIndex() { return nextIndex - 1; } public void remove() { checkForComodification(); if (lastReturned == null) throw new IllegalStateException(); Node<E> lastNext = lastReturned.next; //调用unlink方法移除元素 unlink(lastReturned); if (next == lastReturned) next = lastNext; else nextIndex--; lastReturned = null; //修改modCount expectedModCount++; } public void set(E e) { if (lastReturned == null) throw new IllegalStateException(); checkForComodification(); lastReturned.item = e; } public void add(E e) { checkForComodification(); lastReturned = null; if (next == null) linkLast(e); else linkBefore(e, next); nextIndex++; expectedModCount++; } public void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? super E> action) { Objects.requireNonNull(action); while (modCount == expectedModCount && nextIndex < size) { action.accept(next.item); lastReturned = next; next = next.next; nextIndex++; } checkForComodification(); } //检查并发修改,fail-fast final void checkForComodification() { if (modCount != expectedModCount) throw new ConcurrentModificationException(); }} |
小结
LinkedList 是 List 接口基于双向链表的一种实现,同时还实现了 Deque 接口,可以作为 FIFO 和 LIFO 队列使用。双向链表的实现使得插入和删除操作的代价降低,可以在常数时间内完成;然而查找操作需要遍历列表,尽管双向列表使得可以从两端进行查找,但在长度较长时仍然需要较长的时间。
在大多数情况下会选择使用 ArrayList,尽管插入和删除代价相较于 LinkedList 更高,但随机访问的特性使得在查找方面 ArrayList 比 LinkedList 具有更多的优势。关于 ArrayList 和 LinkedList 的使用选择上可以参考 StackOverflow 上的这个问答。
来源:https://www.cnblogs.com/wxd0108/p/7366296.html