文章目录
1 操作符重载概念的引入
1.1 复数解决方案
下面的复数解决方案是否可行?
如果将上面代码直接进行编译,会出现编译错误。
可以自定义一个add函数:
#include <stdio.h>
class Complex
{
int a;
int b;
public:
Complex(int a = 0, int b = 0)
{
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
int getA()
{
return a;
}
int getB()
{
return b;
}
friend Complex Add(const Complex& p1, const Complex& p2);
};
Complex Add(const Complex& p1, const Complex& p2)
{
Complex ret;
ret.a = p1.a + p2.a;
ret.b = p1.b + p2.b;
return ret;
}
int main()
{
Complex c1(1, 2);
Complex c2(3, 4);
Complex c3 = Add(c1, c2); // c1 + c2
printf("c3.a = %d, c3.b = %d\n", c3.getA(), c3.getB());
return 0;
}
Add函数可以解决Complex对象相加的问题,但是Complex是现实世界中确实存在的复数,并且复数在数学中的地位和普通的实数相同。为什么不能让+操作符也支持复数相加呢?
1.2 操作符重载的概念
操作符重载:
- C++中的重载能够扩展操作符的功能。
- 操作符的重载以函数的方式进行。
- 本质:用特殊形式的函数扩展操作符的功能。
C++中:
- 通过operator关键字可以定义特殊的函数。
- operator的本质是通过函数重载操作符。
- 语法:
2 C++中操作符重载的两种实现方式
2.1 全局的操作符重载函数
示例代码如下:
#include <stdio.h>
class Complex
{
int a;
int b;
public:
Complex(int a = 0, int b = 0)
{
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
int getA()
{
return a;
}
int getB()
{
return b;
}
friend Complex operator + (const Complex& p1, const Complex& p2);
};
Complex operator + (const Complex& p1, const Complex& p2)
{
Complex ret;
ret.a = p1.a + p2.a;
ret.b = p1.b + p2.b;
return ret;
}
int main()
{
Complex c1(1, 2);
Complex c2(3, 4);
Complex c3 = c1 + c2; // operator + (c1, c2)
printf("c3.a = %d, c3.b = %d\n", c3.getA(), c3.getB());
return 0;
}
2.2 类内的操作符重载函数
可以将操作符重载函数定义为类的成员函数:
- 比全局操作符重载函数少一个参数(左操作数)。
- 不依赖友元就可以完成操作符重载。
- 编译器优先在成员函数中寻找操作符重载函数。
示例代码如下:
#include <stdio.h>
class Complex
{
int a;
int b;
public:
Complex(int a = 0, int b = 0)
{
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
int getA()
{
return a;
}
int getB()
{
return b;
}
Complex operator + (const Complex& p)
{
Complex ret;
printf("Complex operator + (const Complex& p)\n");
ret.a = this->a + p.a;
ret.b = this->b + p.b;
return ret;
}
friend Complex operator + (const Complex& p1, const Complex& p2);
};
Complex operator + (const Complex& p1, const Complex& p2)
{
Complex ret;
printf("Complex operator + (const Complex& p1, const Complex& p2)\n");
ret.a = p1.a + p2.a;
ret.b = p1.b + p2.b;
return ret;
}
int main()
{
Complex c1(1, 2);
Complex c2(3, 4);
Complex c3 = c1 + c2; // c1.operator + (c2)
printf("c3.a = %d, c3.b = %d\n", c3.getA(), c3.getB());
return 0;
}
对于操作符重载:
- 操作符重载是C++的强大特性之一。
- 操作符重载的本质是通过函数扩展操作符的功能。
- operator关键字是实现操作符重载的关键。
- 操作符重载遵循相同的函数重载规则。
- 全局函数和成员函数都可以实现对操作符的重载。
3 C++中数学运算、比较、赋值操作符的重载
3.1 完善的复数类
复数类应该具有的操作:
- 运算:+,-,*,/
- 比较:==、!=
- 赋值:=
- 求模:modulus
我们需要利用操作符重载:
- 统一复数与实数的运算方式。
- 统一复数与实数的比较方式。
复数类的实现:
Complex.h:
#ifndef _COMPLEX_H_
#define _COMPLEX_H_
class Complex
{
double a;
double b;
public:
Complex(double a = 0, double b = 0);
double getA();
double getB();
double getModulus();
Complex operator + (const Complex& c);
Complex operator - (const Complex& c);
Complex operator * (const Complex& c);
Complex operator / (const Complex& c);
bool operator == (const Complex& c);
bool operator != (const Complex& c);
Complex& operator = (const Complex& c);
};
#endif
Complex.cpp:
#include "Complex.h"
#include "math.h"
Complex::Complex(double a, double b)
{
this->a = a;
this->b = b;
}
double Complex::getA()
{
return a;
}
double Complex::getB()
{
return b;
}
double Complex::getModulus()
{
return sqrt(a * a + b * b);
}
Complex Complex::operator + (const Complex& c)
{
double na = a + c.a;
double nb = b + c.b;
Complex ret(na, nb);
return ret;
}
Complex Complex::operator - (const Complex& c)
{
double na = a - c.a;
double nb = b - c.b;
Complex ret(na, nb);
return ret;
}
Complex Complex::operator * (const Complex& c)
{
double na = a * c.a - b * c.b;
double nb = a * c.b + b * c.a;
Complex ret(na, nb);
return ret;
}
Complex Complex::operator / (const Complex& c)
{
double cm = c.a * c.a + c.b * c.b;
double na = (a * c.a + b * c.b) / cm;
double nb = (b * c.a - a * c.b) / cm;
Complex ret(na, nb);
return ret;
}
bool Complex::operator == (const Complex& c)
{
return (a == c.a) && (b == c.b);
}
bool Complex::operator != (const Complex& c)
{
return !(*this == c);
}
Complex& Complex::operator = (const Complex& c)
{
if( this != &c )
{
a = c.a;
b = c.b;
}
return *this;
}
main.cpp:
#include <stdio.h>
#include "Complex.h"
int main()
{
Complex c1(1, 2);
Complex c2(3, 6);
Complex c3 = c2 - c1;
Complex c4 = c1 * c3;
Complex c5 = c2 / c1;
printf("c3.a = %f, c3.b = %f\n", c3.getA(), c3.getB());
printf("c4.a = %f, c4.b = %f\n", c4.getA(), c4.getB());
printf("c5.a = %f, c5.b = %f\n", c5.getA(), c5.getB());
Complex c6(2, 4);
printf("c3 == c6 : %d\n", c3 == c6);
printf("c3 != c4 : %d\n", c3 != c4);
(c3 = c2) = c1;
printf("c1.a = %f, c1.b = %f\n", c1.getA(), c1.getB());
printf("c2.a = %f, c2.b = %f\n", c2.getA(), c2.getB());
printf("c3.a = %f, c3.b = %f\n", c3.getA(), c3.getB());
return 0;
}
3.2 操作符重载的注意事项
注意事项如下:
- C++规定赋值操作符(=)只能重载为成员函数。
- 操作符重载不能改变原操作符的优先级。
- 操作符重载不能改变操作数的个数。
- 操作符重载不应改变操作符的原有语义。
参考资料:
来源:CSDN
作者:SlowIsFastLemon
链接:https://blog.csdn.net/SlowIsFastLemon/article/details/104192072