【推荐】2019 Java 开发者跳槽指南.pdf(吐血整理) >>> 
1、管理防火墙
查看状态：systemctl status firewalld
启动：systemctl start firewalld
停止：systemctl stop firewalld
重启：systemctl restart firewalld
开机时启动：systemctl enable firewalld
开机时禁用：systemctl disable firewalld2、查看防火墙状态
查看防火墙状态：firewall-cmd --state
查看防火墙规则（默认区域public）：firewall-cmd --list-all
查看防火墙规则（指定区域work）：firewall-cmd --list-all --zone=work
查看防火墙规则（所有区域）：firewall-cmd --list-all-zones
重新加载服务（保持状态信息）：firewall-cmd --reload
重新加载服务（舍弃状态信息）：firewall-cmd --complete-reload
-V, --version
Print the version string of firewalld. This option is not combinable with other options.
-q, --quiet
Do not print status messages.
Status Options
--state
Check whether the firewalld daemon is active (i.e. running). Returns an exit code 0 if it is active, RUNNING_BUT_FAILED if failure occurred on startup, NOT_RUNNING otherwise. See the section
called “EXIT CODES”. This will also print the state to STDOUT.
--reload
Reload firewall rules and keep state information. Current permanent configuration will become new runtime configuration, i.e. all runtime only changes done until reload are lost with reload if
they have not been also in permanent configuration.
Note: Runtime changes applied via the direct interface are not affected and will therefore stay in place until firewalld daemon is restarted completely.
--complete-reload
Reload firewall completely, even netfilter kernel modules. This will most likely terminate active connections, because state information is lost. This option should only be used in case of
severe firewall problems. For example if there are state information problems that no connection can be established with correct firewall rules.
Note: Runtime changes applied via the direct interface are not affected and will therefore stay in place until firewalld daemon is restarted completely.
--runtime-to-permanent
Save active runtime configuration and overwrite permanent configuration with it. The way this is supposed to work is that when configuring firewalld you do runtime changes only and once you're
happy with the configuration and you tested that it works the way you want, you save the configuration to disk.
Log Denied Options
--get-log-denied
Print the log denied setting.
--set-log-denied=value
Add logging rules right before reject and drop rules in the INPUT, FORWARD and OUTPUT chains for the default rules and also final reject and drop rules in zones for the configured link-layer
packet type. The possible values are: all, unicast, broadcast, multicast and off. The default setting is off, which disables the logging.
This is a runtime and permanent change and will also reload the firewall to be able to add the logging rules.
Automatic Helpers Options
--get-automatic-helpers
Print the automatic helpers setting.
--set-automatic-helpers=value
For the secure use of iptables and connection tracking helpers it is recommended to turn AutomaticHelpers off. But this might have side effects on other services using the netfilter helpers as
the sysctl setting in /proc/sys/net/netfilter/nf_conntrack_helper will be changed. With the system setting, the default value set in the kernel or with sysctl will be used. Possible values are:
yes, no and system. The default value is system.
This is a runtime and permanent change and will also reload the firewall to be able to make the helpers usable.
Permanent Options
--permanent
The permanent option --permanent can be used to set options permanently. These changes are not effective immediately, only after service restart/reload or system reboot. Without the --permanent
option, a change will only be part of the runtime configuration.
If you want to make a change in runtime and permanent configuration, use the same call with and without the --permanent option.
The --permanent option can be optionally added to all options further down where it is supported.
Zone Options
--get-default-zone
Print default zone for connections and interfaces.
--set-default-zone=zone
Set default zone for connections and interfaces where no zone has been selected. Setting the default zone changes the zone for the connections or interfaces, that are using the default zone.
This is a runtime and permanent change.
--get-active-zones
Print currently active zones altogether with interfaces and sources used in these zones. Active zones are zones, that have a binding to an interface or source. The output format is:
zone1
interfaces: interface1 interface2 ..
sources: source1 ..
zone2
interfaces: interface3 ..
zone3
sources: source2 ..
If there are no interfaces or sources bound to the zone, the corresponding line will be omitted.
[--permanent] --get-zones
Print predefined zones as a space separated list.
[--permanent] --get-services
Print predefined services as a space separated list.
[--permanent] --get-icmptypes
Print predefined icmptypes as a space separated list.
[--permanent] --get-zone-of-interface=interface
Print the name of the zone the interface is bound to or no zone.
[--permanent] --get-zone-of-source=source[/mask]|MAC|ipset:ipset
Print the name of the zone the source is bound to or no zone.
[--permanent] --info-zone=zone
Print information about the zone zone. The output format is:
zone
interfaces: interface1 ..
sources: source1 ..
services: service1 ..
ports: port1 ..
protocols: protocol1 ..
forward-ports:
forward-port1
..
source-ports: source-port1 ..
icmp-blocks: icmp-type1 ..
rich rules:
rich-rule1
..
[--permanent] --list-all-zones
List everything added for or enabled in all zones. The output format is:
zone1
interfaces: interface1 ..
sources: source1 ..
services: service1 ..
ports: port1 ..
protocols: protocol1 ..
forward-ports:
forward-port1
..
icmp-blocks: icmp-type1 ..
rich rules:
rich-rule1
..
..
--permanent --new-zone=zone
Add a new permanent and empty zone.
--permanent --new-zone-from-file=filename [--name=zone]
Add a new permanent zone from a prepared zone file with an optional name override.
--permanent --delete-zone=zone
Delete an existing permanent zone.
--permanent --load-zone-defaults=zone
Load zone default settings or report NO_DEFAULTS error.
--permanent --path-zone=zone
Print path of the zone configuration file.
--permanent --zone=zone --set-description=description
Set new description to zone
--permanent --zone=zone --get-description
Print description for zone
--permanent --zone=zone --set-short=description
Set short description to zone
--permanent --zone=zone --get-short
Print short description for zone
--permanent [--zone=zone] --get-target
Get the target of a permanent zone.
--permanent [--zone=zone] --set-target=target
Set the target of a permanent zone. target is one of: default, ACCEPT, DROP, REJECT
Options to Adapt and Query Zones
Options in this section affect only one particular zone. If used with --zone=zone option, they affect the zone zone. If the option is omitted, they affect default zone (see --get-default-zone).
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --list-all
List everything added for or enabled in zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --list-services
List services added for zone as a space separated list. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --add-service=service [--timeout=timeval]
Add a service for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. This option can be specified multiple times. If a timeout is supplied, the rule will be active for the specified amount of
time and will be removed automatically afterwards. timeval is either a number (of seconds) or number followed by one of characters s (seconds), m (minutes), h (hours), for example 20m or 1h.
The service is one of the firewalld provided services. To get a list of the supported services, use firewall-cmd --get-services.
The --timeout option is not combinable with the --permanent option.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --remove-service=service
Remove a service from zone. This option can be specified multiple times. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --query-service=service
Return whether service has been added for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --list-ports
List ports added for zone as a space separated list. A port is of the form portid[-portid]/protocol, it can be either a port and protocol pair or a port range with a protocol. If zone is
omitted, default zone will be used.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --add-port=portid[-portid]/protocol [--timeout=timeval]
Add the port for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. This option can be specified multiple times. If a timeout is supplied, the rule will be active for the specified amount of
time and will be removed automatically afterwards. timeval is either a number (of seconds) or number followed by one of characters s (seconds), m (minutes), h (hours), for example 20m or 1h.
The port can either be a single port number or a port range portid-portid. The protocol can either be tcp, udp, sctp or dccp.
The --timeout option is not combinable with the --permanent option.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --remove-port=portid[-portid]/protocol
Remove the port from zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. This option can be specified multiple times.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --query-port=portid[-portid]/protocol
Return whether the port has been added for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --list-protocols
List protocols added for zone as a space separated list. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --add-protocol=protocol [--timeout=timeval]
Add the protocol for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. This option can be specified multiple times. If a timeout is supplied, the rule will be active for the specified amount
of time and will be removed automatically afterwards. timeval is either a number (of seconds) or number followed by one of characters s (seconds), m (minutes), h (hours), for example 20m or 1h.
The protocol can be any protocol supported by the system. Please have a look at /etc/protocols for supported protocols.
The --timeout option is not combinable with the --permanent option.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --remove-protocol=protocol
Remove the protocol from zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. This option can be specified multiple times.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --query-protocol=protocol
Return whether the protocol has been added for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --list-source-ports
List source ports added for zone as a space separated list. A port is of the form portid[-portid]/protocol. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --add-source-port=portid[-portid]/protocol [--timeout=timeval]
Add the source port for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. This option can be specified multiple times. If a timeout is supplied, the rule will be active for the specified
amount of time and will be removed automatically afterwards. timeval is either a number (of seconds) or number followed by one of characters s (seconds), m (minutes), h (hours), for example 20m
or 1h.
The port can either be a single port number or a port range portid-portid. The protocol can either be tcp, udp, sctp or dccp.
The --timeout option is not combinable with the --permanent option.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --remove-source-port=portid[-portid]/protocol
Remove the source port from zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. This option can be specified multiple times.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --query-source-port=portid[-portid]/protocol
Return whether the source port has been added for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --list-icmp-blocks
List Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) type blocks added for zone as a space separated list. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --add-icmp-block=icmptype [--timeout=timeval]
Add an ICMP block for icmptype for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. This option can be specified multiple times. If a timeout is supplied, the rule will be active for the
specified amount of time and will be removed automatically afterwards. timeval is either a number (of seconds) or number followed by one of characters s (seconds), m (minutes), h (hours), for
example 20m or 1h.
The icmptype is the one of the icmp types firewalld supports. To get a listing of supported icmp types: firewall-cmd --get-icmptypes
The --timeout option is not combinable with the --permanent option.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --remove-icmp-block=icmptype
Remove the ICMP block for icmptype from zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. This option can be specified multiple times.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --query-icmp-block=icmptype
Return whether an ICMP block for icmptype has been added for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --list-forward-ports
List IPv4 forward ports added for zone as a space separated list. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used.
For IPv6 forward ports, please use the rich language.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --add-forward-port=port=portid[-portid]:proto=protocol[:toport=portid[-portid]][:toaddr=address[/mask]] [--timeout=timeval]
Add the IPv4 forward port for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. This option can be specified multiple times. If a timeout is supplied, the rule will be active for the
specified amount of time and will be removed automatically afterwards. timeval is either a number (of seconds) or number followed by one of characters s (seconds), m (minutes), h (hours), for
example 20m or 1h.
The port can either be a single port number portid or a port range portid-portid. The protocol can either be tcp, udp, sctp or dccp. The destination address is a simple IP address.
The --timeout option is not combinable with the --permanent option.
For IPv6 forward ports, please use the rich language.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --remove-forward-port=port=portid[-portid]:proto=protocol[:toport=portid[-portid]][:toaddr=address[/mask]]
Remove the IPv4 forward port from zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. This option can be specified multiple times.
For IPv6 forward ports, please use the rich language.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --query-forward-port=port=portid[-portid]:proto=protocol[:toport=portid[-portid]][:toaddr=address[/mask]]
Return whether the IPv4 forward port has been added for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
For IPv6 forward ports, please use the rich language.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --add-masquerade [--timeout=timeval]
Enable IPv4 masquerade for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. If a timeout is supplied, masquerading will be active for the specified amount of time. timeval is either a
number (of seconds) or number followed by one of characters s (seconds), m (minutes), h (hours), for example 20m or 1h. Masquerading is useful if the machine is a router and machines connected
over an interface in another zone should be able to use the first connection.
The --timeout option is not combinable with the --permanent option.
For IPv6 masquerading, please use the rich language.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --remove-masquerade
Disable IPv4 masquerade for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. If the masquerading was enabled with a timeout, it will be disabled also.
For IPv6 masquerading, please use the rich language.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --query-masquerade
Return whether IPv4 masquerading has been enabled for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
For IPv6 masquerading, please use the rich language.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --list-rich-rules
List rich language rules added for zone as a newline separated list. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --add-rich-rule='rule' [--timeout=timeval]
Add rich language rule 'rule' for zone. This option can be specified multiple times. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. If a timeout is supplied, the rule will be active for the
specified amount of time and will be removed automatically afterwards. timeval is either a number (of seconds) or number followed by one of characters s (seconds), m (minutes), h (hours), for
example 20m or 1h.
For the rich language rule syntax, please have a look at firewalld.richlanguage(5).
The --timeout option is not combinable with the --permanent option.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --remove-rich-rule='rule'
Remove rich language rule 'rule' from zone. This option can be specified multiple times. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used.
For the rich language rule syntax, please have a look at firewalld.richlanguage(5).
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --query-rich-rule='rule'
Return whether a rich language rule 'rule' has been added for zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
For the rich language rule syntax, please have a look at firewalld.richlanguage(5).
Options to Handle Bindings of Interfaces
Binding an interface to a zone means that this zone settings are used to restrict traffic via the interface.
Options in this section affect only one particular zone. If used with --zone=zone option, they affect the zone zone. If the option is omitted, they affect default zone (see --get-default-zone).
For a list of predefined zones use firewall-cmd --get-zones.
An interface name is a string up to 16 characters long, that may not contain ' ', '/', '!' and '*'.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --list-interfaces
List interfaces that are bound to zone zone as a space separated list. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --add-interface=interface
Bind interface interface to zone zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used.
If the interface is under control of NetworkManager, it is at first connected to change the zone for the connection that is using the interface. If this fails, the zone binding is created in
firewalld and the limitations below apply. For interfaces that are not under control of NetworkManager, firewalld tries to change the ZONE setting in the ifcfg file, if the file exists.
As a end user you don't need this in most cases, because NetworkManager (or legacy network service) adds interfaces into zones automatically (according to ZONE= option from ifcfg-interface file)
if NM_CONTROLLED=no is not set. You should do it only if there's no /etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-interface file. If there is such file and you add interface to zone with this
--add-interface option, make sure the zone is the same in both cases, otherwise the behaviour would be undefined. Please also have a look at the firewalld(1) man page in the Concepts section.
For permanent association of interface with a zone, see also 'How to set or change a zone for a connection?' in firewalld.zones(5).
[--zone=zone] --change-interface=interface
If the interface is under control of NetworkManager, it is at first connected to change the zone for the connection that is using the interface. If this fails, the zone binding is created in
firewalld and the limitations below apply. For interfaces that are not under control of NetworkManager, firewalld tries to change the ZONE setting in the ifcfg file, if the file exists.
Change zone the interface interface is bound to to zone zone. It's basically --remove-interface followed by --add-interface. If the interface has not been bound to a zone before, it behaves like
--add-interface. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --query-interface=interface
Query whether interface interface is bound to zone zone. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
[--permanent] --remove-interface=interface
If the interface is under control of NetworkManager, it is at first connected to change the zone for the connection that is using the interface. If this fails, the zone binding is created in
firewalld and the limitations below apply.
For the addion or change of interfaces that are not under control of NetworkManager: firewalld tries to change the ZONE setting in the ifcfg file, if an ifcfg file exists that is using the
interface.
Only for the removal of interfaces that are not under control of NetworkManager: firewalld is not trying to change the ZONE setting in the ifcfg file. This is needed to make sure that an ifdown
of the interface will not result in a reset of the zone setting to the default zone. Only the zone binding is then removed in firewalld then.
Remove binding of interface interface from zone it was previously added to.
Options to Handle Bindings of Sources
Binding a source to a zone means that this zone settings will be used to restrict traffic from this source.
A source address or address range is either an IP address or a network IP address with a mask for IPv4 or IPv6 or a MAC address or an ipset with the ipset: prefix. For IPv4, the mask can be a
network mask or a plain number. For IPv6 the mask is a plain number. The use of host names is not supported.
Options in this section affect only one particular zone. If used with --zone=zone option, they affect the zone zone. If the option is omitted, they affect default zone (see --get-default-zone).
For a list of predefined zones use firewall-cmd [--permanent] --get-zones.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --list-sources
List sources that are bound to zone zone as a space separated list. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --add-source=source[/mask]|MAC|ipset:ipset
Bind the source to zone zone. If zone is omitted, default zone will be used.
[--zone=zone] --change-source=source[/mask]|MAC|ipset:ipset
Change zone the source is bound to to zone zone. It's basically --remove-source followed by --add-source. If the source has not been bound to a zone before, it behaves like --add-source. If zone
is omitted, default zone will be used.
[--permanent] [--zone=zone] --query-source=source[/mask]|MAC|ipset:ipset
Query whether the source is bound to the zone zone. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
[--permanent] --remove-source=source[/mask]|MAC|ipset:ipset
Remove binding of the source from zone it was previously added to.
IPSet Options
--get-ipset-types
Print the supported ipset types.
--permanent --new-ipset=ipset --type=type [--family=inet|inet6] [--option=key[=value]]
Add a new permanent and empty ipset with specifying the type and optional the family and options like timeout, hashsize and maxelem. For more information please have a look at ipset(8) man page.
--permanent --new-ipset-from-file=filename [--name=ipset]
Add a new permanent ipset from a prepared ipset file with an optional name override.
--permanent --delete-ipset=ipset
Delete an existing permanent ipset.
--permanent --load-ipset-defaults=ipset
Load ipset default settings or report NO_DEFAULTS error.
[--permanent] --info-ipset=ipset
Print information about the ipset ipset. The output format is:
ipset
type: type
options: option1[=value1] ..
entries: entry1 ..
[--permanent] --get-ipsets
Print predefined ipsets as a space separated list.
--permanent --ipset=ipset --set-description=description
Set new description to ipset
--permanent --ipset=ipset --get-description
Print description for ipset
--permanent --ipset=ipset --set-short=description
Set short description to ipset
--permanent --ipset=ipset --get-short
Print short description for ipset
[--permanent] --ipset=ipset --add-entry=entry
Add a new entry to the ipset.
Adding an entry to an ipset with option timeout is permitted, but these entries are not tracked by firewalld.
[--permanent] --ipset=ipset --remove-entry=entry
Remove an entry from the ipset.
[--permanent] --ipset=ipset --query-entry=entry
Return whether the entry has been added to an ipset. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
Querying an ipset with a timeout will yield an error. Entries are not tracked for ipsets with a timeout.
[--permanent] --ipset=ipset --get-entries
List all entries of the ipset.
[--permanent] --ipset=ipset --add-entries-from-file=filename
Add a new entries to the ipset from the file. For all entries that are listed in the file but already in the ipset, a warning will be printed.
The file should contain an entry per line. Lines starting with an hash or semicolon are ignored. Also empty lines.
[--permanent] --ipset=ipset --remove-entries-from-file=filename
Remove existing entries from the ipset from the file. For all entries that are listed in the file but not in the ipset, a warning will be printed.
The file should contain an entry per line. Lines starting with an hash or semicolon are ignored. Also empty lines.
--permanent --path-ipset=ipset
Print path of the ipset configuration file.
Service Options
Options in this section affect only one particular service.
[--permanent] --info-service=service
Print information about the service service. The output format is:
service
ports: port1 ..
protocols: protocol1 ..
source-ports: source-port1 ..
modules: module1 ..
destination: ipv1:address1 ..
The following options are only usable in the permanent configuration.
--permanent --new-service=service
Add a new permanent and empty service.
--permanent --new-service-from-file=filename [--name=service]
Add a new permanent service from a prepared service file with an optional name override.
--permanent --delete-service=service
Delete an existing permanent service.
--permanent --load-service-defaults=service
Load service default settings or report NO_DEFAULTS error.
--permanent --path-service=service
Print path of the service configuration file.
--permanent --service=service --set-description=description
Set new description to service
--permanent --service=service --get-description
Print description for service
--permanent --service=service --set-short=description
Set short description to service
--permanent --service=service --get-short
Print short description for service
--permanent --service=service --add-port=portid[-portid]/protocol
Add a new port to the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --remove-port=portid[-portid]/protocol
Remove a port from the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --query-port=portid[-portid]/protocol
Return wether the port has been added to the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --get-ports
List ports added to the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --add-protocol=protocol
Add a new protocol to the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --remove-protocol=protocol
Remove a protocol from the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --query-protocol=protocol
Return wether the protocol has been added to the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --get-protocols
List protocols added to the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --add-source-port=portid[-portid]/protocol
Add a new source port to the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --remove-source-port=portid[-portid]/protocol
Remove a source port from the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --query-source-port=portid[-portid]/protocol
Return wether the source port has been added to the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --get-source-ports
List source ports added to the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --add-module=module
Add a new module to the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --remove-module=module
Remove a module from the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --query-module=module
Return wether the module has been added to the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --get-modules
List modules added to the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --set-destination=ipv:address[/mask]
Set destination for ipv to address[/mask] in the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --remove-destination=ipv
Remove the destination for ipv from the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --query-destination=ipv:address[/mask]
Return wether the destination ipv to address[/mask] has been set in the permanent service.
--permanent --service=service --get-destinations
List destinations added to the permanent service.
Helper Options
Options in this section affect only one particular helper.
[--permanent] --info-helper=helper
Print information about the helper helper. The output format is:
helper
family: family
module: module
ports: port1 ..
The following options are only usable in the permanent configuration.
--permanent --new-helper=helper --module=nf_conntrack_module [--family=ipv4|ipv6]
Add a new permanent helper with module and optionally family defined.
--permanent --new-helper-from-file=filename [--name=helper]
Add a new permanent helper from a prepared helper file with an optional name override.
--permanent --delete-helper=helper
Delete an existing permanent helper.
--permanent --load-helper-defaults=helper
Load helper default settings or report NO_DEFAULTS error.
--permanent --path-helper=helper
Print path of the helper configuration file.
[--permanent] --get-helpers
Print predefined helpers as a space separated list.
--permanent --helper=helper --set-description=description
Set new description to helper
--permanent --helper=helper --get-description
Print description for helper
--permanent --helper=helper --set-short=description
Set short description to helper
--permanent --helper=helper --get-short
Print short description for helper
--permanent --helper=helper --add-port=portid[-portid]/protocol
Add a new port to the permanent helper.
--permanent --helper=helper --remove-port=portid[-portid]/protocol
Remove a port from the permanent helper.
--permanent --helper=helper --query-port=portid[-portid]/protocol
Return wether the port has been added to the permanent helper.
--permanent --helper=helper --get-ports
List ports added to the permanent helper.
--permanent --helper=helper --set-module=description
Set module description for helper
--permanent --helper=helper --get-module
Print module description for helper
--permanent --helper=helper --set-family=description
Set family description for helper
--permanent --helper=helper --get-family
Print family description of helper
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) type Options
Options in this section affect only one particular icmptype.
[--permanent] --info-icmptype=icmptype
Print information about the icmptype icmptype. The output format is:
icmptype
destination: ipv1 ..
The following options are only usable in the permanent configuration.
--permanent --new-icmptype=icmptype
Add a new permanent and empty icmptype.
--permanent --new-icmptype-from-file=filename [--name=icmptype]
Add a new permanent icmptype from a prepared icmptype file with an optional name override.
--permanent --delete-icmptype=icmptype
Delete an existing permanent icmptype.
--permanent --load-icmptype-defaults=icmptype
Load icmptype default settings or report NO_DEFAULTS error.
--permanent --icmptype=icmptype --set-description=description
Set new description to icmptype
--permanent --icmptype=icmptype --get-description
Print description for icmptype
--permanent --icmptype=icmptype --set-short=description
Set short description to icmptype
--permanent --icmptype=icmptype --get-short
Print short description for icmptype
--permanent --icmptype=icmptype --add-destination=ipv
Enable destination for ipv in permanent icmptype. ipv is one of ipv4 or ipv6.
--permanent --icmptype=icmptype --remove-destination=ipv
Disable destination for ipv in permanent icmptype. ipv is one of ipv4 or ipv6.
--permanent --icmptype=icmptype --query-destination=ipv
Return whether destination for ipv is enabled in permanent icmptype. ipv is one of ipv4 or ipv6.
--permanent --icmptype=icmptype --get-destinations
List destinations in permanent icmptype.
--permanent --path-icmptype=icmptype
Print path of the icmptype configuration file.
Direct Options
The direct options give a more direct access to the firewall. These options require user to know basic iptables concepts, i.e. table (filter/mangle/nat/...), chain (INPUT/OUTPUT/FORWARD/...),
commands (-A/-D/-I/...), parameters (-p/-s/-d/-j/...) and targets (ACCEPT/DROP/REJECT/...).
Direct options should be used only as a last resort when it's not possible to use for example --add-service=service or --add-rich-rule='rule'.
The first argument of each option has to be ipv4 or ipv6 or eb. With ipv4 it will be for IPv4 (iptables(8)), with ipv6 for IPv6 (ip6tables(8)) and with eb for ethernet bridges (ebtables(8)).
[--permanent] --direct --get-all-chains
Get all chains added to all tables. This option concerns only chains previously added with --direct --add-chain.
[--permanent] --direct --get-chains { ipv4 | ipv6 | eb } table
Get all chains added to table table as a space separated list. This option concerns only chains previously added with --direct --add-chain.
[--permanent] --direct --add-chain { ipv4 | ipv6 | eb } table chain
Add a new chain with name chain to table table. Make sure there's no other chain with this name already.
There already exist basic chains to use with direct options, for example INPUT_direct chain (see iptables-save | grep direct output for all of them). These chains are jumped into before chains
for zones, i.e. every rule put into INPUT_direct will be checked before rules in zones.
[--permanent] --direct --remove-chain { ipv4 | ipv6 | eb } table chain
Remove chain with name chain from table table. Only chains previously added with --direct --add-chain can be removed this way.
[--permanent] --direct --query-chain { ipv4 | ipv6 | eb } table chain
Return whether a chain with name chain exists in table table. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise. This option concerns only chains previously added with --direct --add-chain.
[--permanent] --direct --get-all-rules
Get all rules added to all chains in all tables as a newline separated list of the priority and arguments. This option concerns only rules previously added with --direct --add-rule.
[--permanent] --direct --get-rules { ipv4 | ipv6 | eb } table chain
Get all rules added to chain chain in table table as a newline separated list of the priority and arguments. This option concerns only rules previously added with --direct --add-rule.
[--permanent] --direct --add-rule { ipv4 | ipv6 | eb } table chain priority args
Add a rule with the arguments args to chain chain in table table with priority priority.
The priority is used to order rules. Priority 0 means add rule on top of the chain, with a higher priority the rule will be added further down. Rules with the same priority are on the same level
and the order of these rules is not fixed and may change. If you want to make sure that a rule will be added after another one, use a low priority for the first and a higher for the following.
[--permanent] --direct --remove-rule { ipv4 | ipv6 | eb } table chain priority args
Remove a rule with priority and the arguments args from chain chain in table table. Only rules previously added with --direct --add-rule can be removed this way.
[--permanent] --direct --remove-rules { ipv4 | ipv6 | eb } table chain
Remove all rules in the chain with name chain exists in table table. This option concerns only rules previously added with --direct --add-rule in this chain.
[--permanent] --direct --query-rule { ipv4 | ipv6 | eb } table chain priority args
Return whether a rule with priority and the arguments args exists in chain chain in table table. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise. This option concerns only rules previously added with --direct
--add-rule.
--direct --passthrough { ipv4 | ipv6 | eb } args
Pass a command through to the firewall. args can be all iptables, ip6tables and ebtables command line arguments. This command is untracked, which means that firewalld is not able to provide
information about this command later on, also not a listing of the untracked passthoughs.
[--permanent] --direct --get-all-passthroughs
Get all passthrough rules as a newline separated list of the ipv value and arguments.
[--permanent] --direct --get-passthroughs { ipv4 | ipv6 | eb }
Get all passthrough rules for the ipv value as a newline separated list of the priority and arguments.
[--permanent] --direct --add-passthrough { ipv4 | ipv6 | eb } args
Add a passthrough rule with the arguments args for the ipv value.
[--permanent] --direct --remove-passthrough { ipv4 | ipv6 | eb } args
Remove a passthrough rule with the arguments args for the ipv value.
[--permanent] --direct --query-passthrough { ipv4 | ipv6 | eb } args
Return whether a passthrough rule with the arguments args exists for the ipv value. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
Lockdown Options
Local applications or services are able to change the firewall configuration if they are running as root (example: libvirt) or are authenticated using PolicyKit. With this feature administrators can
lock the firewall configuration so that only applications on lockdown whitelist are able to request firewall changes.
The lockdown access check limits D-Bus methods that are changing firewall rules. Query, list and get methods are not limited.
The lockdown feature is a very light version of user and application policies for firewalld and is turned off by default.
--lockdown-on
Enable lockdown. Be careful - if firewall-cmd is not on lockdown whitelist when you enable lockdown you won't be able to disable it again with firewall-cmd, you would need to edit
firewalld.conf.
This is a runtime and permanent change.
--lockdown-off
Disable lockdown.
This is a runtime and permanent change.
--query-lockdown
Query whether lockdown is enabled. Returns 0 if lockdown is enabled, 1 otherwise.
Lockdown Whitelist Options
The lockdown whitelist can contain commands, contexts, users and user ids.
If a command entry on the whitelist ends with an asterisk '*', then all command lines starting with the command will match. If the '*' is not there the absolute command inclusive arguments must
match.
Commands for user root and others is not always the same. Example: As root /bin/firewall-cmd is used, as a normal user /usr/bin/firewall-cmd is be used on Fedora.
The context is the security (SELinux) context of a running application or service. To get the context of a running application use ps -e --context.
Warning: If the context is unconfined, then this will open access for more than the desired application.
The lockdown whitelist entries are checked in the following order:
1. context
2. uid
3. user
4. command
[--permanent] --list-lockdown-whitelist-commands
List all command lines that are on the whitelist.
[--permanent] --add-lockdown-whitelist-command=command
Add the command to the whitelist.
[--permanent] --remove-lockdown-whitelist-command=command
Remove the command from the whitelist.
[--permanent] --query-lockdown-whitelist-command=command
Query whether the command is on the whitelist. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
[--permanent] --list-lockdown-whitelist-contexts
List all contexts that are on the whitelist.
[--permanent] --add-lockdown-whitelist-context=context
Add the context context to the whitelist.
[--permanent] --remove-lockdown-whitelist-context=context
Remove the context from the whitelist.
[--permanent] --query-lockdown-whitelist-context=context
Query whether the context is on the whitelist. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
[--permanent] --list-lockdown-whitelist-uids
List all user ids that are on the whitelist.
[--permanent] --add-lockdown-whitelist-uid=uid
Add the user id uid to the whitelist.
[--permanent] --remove-lockdown-whitelist-uid=uid
Remove the user id uid from the whitelist.
[--permanent] --query-lockdown-whitelist-uid=uid
Query whether the user id uid is on the whitelist. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
[--permanent] --list-lockdown-whitelist-users
List all user names that are on the whitelist.
[--permanent] --add-lockdown-whitelist-user=user
Add the user name user to the whitelist.
[--permanent] --remove-lockdown-whitelist-user=user
Remove the user name user from the whitelist.
[--permanent] --query-lockdown-whitelist-user=user
Query whether the user name user is on the whitelist. Returns 0 if true, 1 otherwise.
Panic Options
--panic-on
Enable panic mode. All incoming and outgoing packets are dropped, active connections will expire. Enable this only if there are serious problems with your network environment. For example if the
machine is getting hacked in.
This is a runtime only change.
--panic-off
Disable panic mode. After disabling panic mode established connections might work again, if panic mode was enabled for a short period of time.
This is a runtime only change.
--query-panic
Returns 0 if panic mode is enabled, 1 otherwise.
EXAMPLES
For more examples see http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/FirewallD
Example 1
Enable http service in default zone. This is runtime only change, i.e. effective until restart.
firewall-cmd --add-service=http
Example 2
Enable port 443/tcp immediately and permanently in default zone. To make the change effective immediately and also after restart we need two commands. The first command makes the change in runtime
configuration, i.e. makes it effective immediately, until restart. The second command makes the change in permanent configuration, i.e. makes it effective after restart.
firewall-cmd --add-port=443/tcp
firewall-cmd --permanent --add-port=443/tcp
EXIT CODES
On success 0 is returned. On failure the output is red colored and exit code is either 2 in case of wrong command-line option usage or one of the following error codes in other cases:
┌────────────────────┬──────┐
│String │ Code │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│ALREADY_ENABLED │ 11 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│NOT_ENABLED │ 12 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│COMMAND_FAILED │ 13 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│NO_IPV6_NAT │ 14 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│PANIC_MODE │ 15 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│ZONE_ALREADY_SET │ 16 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│UNKNOWN_INTERFACE │ 17 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│ZONE_CONFLICT │ 18 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│BUILTIN_CHAIN │ 19 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│EBTABLES_NO_REJECT │ 20 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│NOT_OVERLOADABLE │ 21 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│NO_DEFAULTS │ 22 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│BUILTIN_ZONE │ 23 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│BUILTIN_SERVICE │ 24 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│BUILTIN_ICMPTYPE │ 25 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│NAME_CONFLICT │ 26 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│NAME_MISMATCH │ 27 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│PARSE_ERROR │ 28 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│ACCESS_DENIED │ 29 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│UNKNOWN_SOURCE │ 30 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│RT_TO_PERM_FAILED │ 31 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│IPSET_WITH_TIMEOUT │ 32 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│BUILTIN_IPSET │ 33 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│ALREADY_SET │ 34 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│MISSING_IMPORT │ 35 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│DBUS_ERROR │ 36 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│BUILTIN_HELPER │ 37 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│NOT_APPLIED │ 38 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_ACTION │ 100 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_SERVICE │ 101 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_PORT │ 102 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_PROTOCOL │ 103 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_INTERFACE │ 104 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_ADDR │ 105 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_FORWARD │ 106 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_ICMPTYPE │ 107 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_TABLE │ 108 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_CHAIN │ 109 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_TARGET │ 110 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_IPV │ 111 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_ZONE │ 112 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_PROPERTY │ 113 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_VALUE │ 114 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_OBJECT │ 115 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_NAME │ 116 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_FILENAME │ 117 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_DIRECTORY │ 118 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_TYPE │ 119 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_SETTING │ 120 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_DESTINATION │ 121 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_RULE │ 122 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_LIMIT │ 123 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_FAMILY │ 124 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_LOG_LEVEL │ 125 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_AUDIT_TYPE │ 126 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_MARK │ 127 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_CONTEXT │ 128 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_COMMAND │ 129 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_USER │ 130 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_UID │ 131 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_MODULE │ 132 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_PASSTHROUGH │ 133 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_MAC │ 134 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_IPSET │ 135 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_ENTRY │ 136 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_OPTION │ 137 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│INVALID_HELPER │ 138 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│MISSING_TABLE │ 200 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│MISSING_CHAIN │ 201 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│MISSING_PORT │ 202 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│MISSING_PROTOCOL │ 203 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│MISSING_ADDR │ 204 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│MISSING_NAME │ 205 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│MISSING_SETTING │ 206 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│MISSING_FAMILY │ 207 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│RUNNING_BUT_FAILED │ 251 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│NOT_RUNNING │ 252 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│NOT_AUTHORIZED │ 253 │
├────────────────────┼──────┤
│UNKNOWN_ERROR │ 254 │
└────────────────────┴──────┘
Note that return codes of --query-* options are special: Successful queries return 0, unsuccessful ones return 1 unless an error occurred in which case the table above applies.
SEE ALSO
firewall-applet(1), firewalld(1), firewall-cmd(1), firewall-config(1), firewalld.conf(5), firewalld.direct(5), firewalld.dbus(5), firewalld.icmptype(5), firewalld.lockdown-whitelist(5), firewall-
offline-cmd(1), firewalld.richlanguage(5), firewalld.service(5), firewalld.zone(5), firewalld.zones(5), firewalld.ipset(5), firewalld.helper(5)
NOTES
firewalld home page:
http://www.firewalld.org
More documentation with examples:
http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/FirewallD
AUTHORS
Thomas Woerner <twoerner@redhat.com>
Developer
Jiri Popelka <jpopelka@redhat.com>
Developer
firewalld 0.5.3 FIREWALL-CMD(1)
来源：oschina
链接：https://my.oschina.net/googlewell/blog/3146231