'TypeError' while using NSGA2 to solve Multi-objective prob. from pyopt-sparse in OpenMDAO 1.x

问题

I am trying to solve a multi-objective optimization problem using openMDAO's pyopt-sparse driver with NSGA2 algorithm. Following is the code:

from __future__ import print_function
from openmdao.api import IndepVarComp, Component, Problem, Group, pyOptSparseDriver

class Circ2(Component):

    def __init__(self):
        super(Circ2, self).__init__()

        self.add_param('x', val=10.0)
        self.add_param('y', val=10.0)

        self.add_output('f1', val=40.0)
        self.add_output('f2', val=40.0)

    def solve_nonlinear(self, params, unknowns, resids):

        x = params['x']
        y = params['y']

        unknowns['f1'] = (x - 0.0)**2 + (y - 0.0)**2
        unknowns['f2'] = (x - 1.0)**2 + (y - 1.0)**2

    def linearize(self, params, unknowns, resids):

        J = {}
        x = params['x']
        y = params['y']

        J['f1', 'x'] = 2*x
        J['f1', 'y'] = 2*y
        J['f2', 'x'] = 2*x-2
        J['f2', 'y'] = 2*y-2
        return J


if __name__ == "__main__":

    # Defining Problem & Root
    top = Problem()
    root = top.root = Group()

    # Adding in-present variable values and model
    startVal = 50.0
    root.add('p1', IndepVarComp('x', startVal))
    root.add('p2', IndepVarComp('y', startVal))

    root.add('p', Circ2())

    # Making Connections
    root.connect('p1.x', 'p.x')
    root.connect('p2.y', 'p.y')

    # Configuring Driver
    top.driver = pyOptSparseDriver()
    top.driver.options['optimizer'] = 'NSGA2'

    # Setting bounds for the optimizer
    top.driver.add_desvar('p1.x', lower=-600, upper=600)
    top.driver.add_desvar('p2.y', lower=-600, upper=600)

    # Setting Objective Function(s)
    top.driver.add_objective('p.f1')
    top.driver.add_objective('p.f2')

    # # Setting up constraints
    # top.driver.add_constraint('con.c', lower=1.0)

    top.setup()
    top.run()

and I am getting the following error -

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/home/prasad/DivyaManglam/Python Scripts/Pareto Testing/Basic_Sphere.py", line 89, in <module>
    top.run()
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/openmdao/core/problem.py", line 1038, in run
    self.driver.run(self)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/openmdao/drivers/pyoptsparse_driver.py", line 280, in run
    sol = opt(opt_prob, sens=self._gradfunc, storeHistory=self.hist_file)
  File "/usr/local/lib/python2.7/dist-packages/pyoptsparse/pyNSGA2/pyNSGA2.py", line 193, in __call__
    self.optProb.comm.bcast(-1, root=0)
  File "MPI/Comm.pyx", line 1276, in mpi4py.MPI.Comm.bcast (src/mpi4py.MPI.c:108819)
  File "MPI/msgpickle.pxi", line 620, in mpi4py.MPI.PyMPI_bcast (src/mpi4py.MPI.c:47164)
  File "MPI/msgpickle.pxi", line 143, in mpi4py.MPI.Pickle.load (src/mpi4py.MPI.c:41248)
TypeError: only length-1 arrays can be converted to Python scalars

Kindly tell if you can make anything of the above error and how to fix it.

Also, in what form would the output of the multi-objective problem's solution be returned. I intend to generate a pareto-optimal front for this. Thank you all.

回答1:

It turns out this is not an OpenMDAO bug, but rather a bug in the Pyopt sparse wrapper for NSGA2. The fix wasn't terrible, and I've submitted a pull request to the pyoptsparse repo for it. In the meantime it would be easy enough to patch your local copy of pyoptsparse.

You asked how the results will be reported. The current NSGA2 wrapper doesn't do anything with the results. It just lets NSGA2 write them all out to a series of text files such as nsga2_best_pop.out that look like this:

# This file contains the data of final feasible population (if found)
# of objectives = 1, # of constraints = 0, # of real_var = 2, # of bits of bin_var = 0, constr_violation, rank, crowding_distance
-1.000000e+00   3.190310e+01    -2.413640e+02   0.000000e+00    1       1.000000e+14
-1.000000e+00   -5.309160e+02   2.449727e+02    0.000000e+00    1       0.000000e+00
-1.000000e+00   -3.995119e+02   -1.829071e+02   0.000000e+00    1       0.000000e+00

As a side note, in your example, you implemented a linearize method for the component in your example. That method is used when you need to compute gradients, but NSGA2 is a gradient free optimizer and won't use it at all. So unless you're also planning to test out some gradient based methods you can leave that method out of your components.

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35148660/typeerror-while-using-nsga2-to-solve-multi-objective-prob-from-pyopt-sparse-i

标签

python

optimization

openmdao