bitwise-xor | 易学教程

Find a number with even number of occurrences

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问题 Given an array where number of occurrences of each number is odd except one number whose number of occurrences is even. Find the number with even occurrences. e.g. 1, 1, 2, 3, 1, 2, 5, 3, 3 Output should be: 2 The below are the constraints: Numbers are not in range. Do it in-place. Required time complexity is O(N). Array may contain negative numbers. Array is not sorted. With the above constraints, all my thoughts failed: comparison based sorting, counting sort, BST's, hashing, brute-force. I

Find a number with even number of occurrences

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What is C# exclusive or `^` usage? [closed]

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问题 As it currently stands, this question is not a good fit for our Q&A format. We expect answers to be supported by facts, references, or expertise, but this question will likely solicit debate, arguments, polling, or extended discussion. If you feel that this question can be improved and possibly reopened, visit the help center for guidance. Closed 8 years ago . Can anyone explain this operator with a good example? I know what this operator is. I mean a real-life example. 回答1: It is an

Can XOR of two integers go out of bounds?

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问题 I had been studying the algorithm for finding lonely integers in an array, and here is the implementation: int arr[] = {10, 20, 30, 5, 20, 10, 30}; int LonelyInteger = 0; for(int i=0; i< 7; i++) { LonelyInteger = LonelyInteger ^ arr[i]; } The result is 5 . My question is - supposedly the integers (getting generated by the XOR operation) are too large due to this operation: LonelyInteger ^ arr[i] Which leads to a potentially large integer which cannot be represented by the datatype say int in

How to XOR two hex numbers in bash script? (XOR Encryption)

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问题 I write a bash script who manipulate hex values and i need to do XOR operation between two hexa numbers. My problem is when i try in bash prompt it's work and return right value but in script this value is false. When XOR variable $ExtendAuthKey and $IPAD the result must be : 181ad673a5d94f0e12c8894ea26381b363636363636363636363636363636363636363636363636363636363636363636363636363636363636363636363636 But in fact i get this value : 3906369333256140342 I dont understand this behavior, if you

Implementing XOR function with Prolog CLPFD for 32-bit numbers

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问题 I try to implement efficient exclusive-or (XOR) in Prolog CLPFD. This should be simple predicate like: xor(A, B, AxorB). A , B , AxorB are natural numbers (with 0) and AxorB is a result of A xor B . My main problem is with efficiency. Firstly, I wasn't able to find any way to XOR two number without breaking those numbers into separate parts that could be further processed/constrained, and the process of breaking those numbers (creating proper constraints and then resolving them) is taking

How to find all the subarrays with xor 0?

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问题 The problem is to find all the subarrays of the given array with xor of all its elements equal to zero. For example, if array contains elements [13,8,5,3,3] , the solution should give the indices of all subarrays like 0-2 , 3-4 , 0-4 , etc. The question is similar to the one asked here The only difference is that I want the indices of all the subarrays that satisfies the equation A0 xor A1 xor...xor An = 0 回答1: This is a fairly straightforward extension of the linked question. In Python, #

Finding subarray whose xor is 0

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问题 I'm stuck at one problem i.e. to find a subarray whose xor is 0. I read somewhere that this can be done using TRIE data structure but I want the starting and ending indices of the array. For example, consider an array a = [3, 6, 13, 8 15] The subarray from 0 to 3 i.e. [3, 6, 13, 8] has xor equal to 0. (3 xor 6 xor 13 xor 8 = 0) I'm in search for an algorithm than can find those indices ([0, 3] in this case). Detailed answer would be very helpful. Update I tried the brute Force approach find

Xor encryption in PHP

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问题 I'm new to Xor encryption, and I'm having some trouble with the following code: function xor_this($string) { // Let's define our key here $key = ('magic_key'); // Our plaintext/ciphertext $text =$string; // Our output text $outText = ''; // Iterate through each character for($i=0;$i<strlen($text);) { for($j=0;$j<strlen($key);$j++,$i++) { $outText .= $text{$i} ^ $key{$j}; //echo 'i='.$i.', '.'j='.$j.', '.$outText{$i}.'<br />'; //for debugging } } return $outText; } When I run this it works for

XOR two Binary Strings c++

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I have two strings as follows : STRING1 : 011011110011000 STRING2 : 011001000001000 EXPECTED OUTPUT : 000010110010000 However, when i try to XOR them(bit-wise) using the following code, the output is blank. Code: for(int i = 0; i<15; i++) { final_key[i] = STRING1[i] ^ STRING2[i]; cout<<" XOR = "<<final_key[i]; } Any help would be appreciated. You are trying to XOR 2 char at a time. Try instead: final_key[i] = ((STRING1[i]-'0') ^ (STRING2[i]-'0')) + '0'; Explanation Refer to here for ASCII values. The ASCII value for '0' is 48 and the ASCII value of '1' is 49. 48 ^ 49 is 1, 48 ^ 48 and 49 ^ 49