Calculating the null space of a matrix

问题

I'm attempting to solve a set of equations of the form Ax = 0. A is known 6x6 matrix and I've written the below code using SVD to get the vector x which works to a certain extent. The answer is approximately correct but not good enough to be useful to me, how can I improve the precision of the calculation? Lowering eps below 1.e-4 causes the function to fail.

from numpy.linalg import *
from numpy import *

A = matrix([[0.624010149127497 ,0.020915658603923 ,0.838082638087629 ,62.0778180312547 ,-0.336 ,0],
[0.669649399820597 ,0.344105317421833 ,0.0543868015800246 ,49.0194290212841 ,-0.267 ,0],
[0.473153758252885 ,0.366893577716959 ,0.924972565581684 ,186.071352614705 ,-1 ,0],
[0.0759305208803158 ,0.356365401030535 ,0.126682113674883 ,175.292109352674 ,0 ,-5.201],
[0.91160934274653 ,0.32447818779582 ,0.741382053883291 ,0.11536775372698 ,0 ,-0.034],
[0.480860406786873 ,0.903499596111067 ,0.542581424762866 ,32.782593418975 ,0 ,-1]])

def null(A, eps=1e-3):
  u,s,vh = svd(A,full_matrices=1,compute_uv=1)
  null_space = compress(s <= eps, vh, axis=0)
  return null_space.T

NS = null(A)
print "Null space equals ",NS,"\n"
print dot(A,NS)

回答1:

A is full rank --- so x is 0

Since it looks like you need a least-squares solution, i.e. min ||A*x|| s.t. ||x|| = 1, do the SVD such that [U S V] = svd(A) and the last column of V (assuming that the columns are sorted in order of decreasing singular values) is x.

I.e.,

U =

     -0.23024     -0.23241      0.28225     -0.59968     -0.04403     -0.67213
      -0.1818     -0.16426      0.18132      0.39639      0.83929     -0.21343
     -0.69008     -0.59685     -0.18202      0.10908     -0.20664      0.28255
     -0.65033      0.73984    -0.066702     -0.12447     0.088364       0.0442
  -0.00045131    -0.043887      0.71552     -0.32745       0.1436      0.59855
     -0.12164      0.11611       0.5813      0.59046     -0.47173     -0.25029


S =

       269.62            0            0            0            0            0
            0       4.1038            0            0            0            0
            0            0        1.656            0            0            0
            0            0            0       0.6416            0            0
            0            0            0            0      0.49215            0
            0            0            0            0            0   0.00027528


V =

    -0.002597     -0.11341      0.68728     -0.12654      0.70622    0.0050325
   -0.0024567     0.018021       0.4439      0.85217     -0.27644    0.0028357
   -0.0036713      -0.1539      0.55281      -0.4961      -0.6516   0.00013067
      -0.9999    -0.011204   -0.0068651    0.0013713    0.0014128    0.0052698
    0.0030264      0.17515      0.02341    -0.020917   -0.0054032      0.98402
     0.012996     -0.96557     -0.15623      0.10603     0.014754      0.17788

So,

And, ||A*x|| = 0.00027528 as opposed to your previous solution for x where ||A*x_old|| = 0.079442

回答2:

Attention: There might be confusion with the SVD in python vs. matlab-syntax(?): in python, numpy.linalg.svd(A) returns matrices u,s,v such that u*s*v = A (strictly: dot(u, dot(diag(s), v) = A, because s is a vector and not a 2D-matrix in numpy).

The uppermost Answer is correct in that sense that usually you write u*s*vh = A and vh is returned, and this answer discusses v AND NOT vh.

To make a long story short: if you have matrices u,s,v such that u*s*v = A, then the last rows of v, not the last colums of v, describe the nullspace.

Edit: [for people like me:] each of the last rows is a vector v0 such that A*v0 = 0 (if the corresponding singular value is 0)

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/2992947/calculating-the-null-space-of-a-matrix

标签

python

math

linear-algebra

svd

least-squares