Why would I wrap a function in AngularJS $timeout service without a delay like they do in ng-file-upload example usage code?

Question

In most of the fiddles containing sample usage code for ng-file-upload (https://github.com/danialfarid/ng-file-upload) like the one at (http://jsfiddle.net/danialfarid/maqbzv15/1118/), the upload response callback functions wrap their code in a $timeout service call, but these calls do not have any delay parameter passed in.

The Angular.js docs for $timeout (https://docs.angularjs.org/api/ng/service/$timeout) indicate that the delay is optional, but why would you want to make a call to $timeout if not to delay the code being run. In other words instead of the following, why not do the one after:

//inject angular file upload directives and services.
var app = angular.module('fileUpload', ['ngFileUpload']);

app.controller('MyCtrl', ['$scope', 'Upload', '$timeout', function ($scope, Upload, $timeout) {
$scope.uploadPic = function(file) {
file.upload = Upload.upload({
  url: 'https://angular-file-upload-cors-srv.appspot.com/upload',
  data: {username: $scope.username, file: file},
});

file.upload.then(function (response) {
  $timeout(function () {
    file.result = response.data;
  });
}, function (response) {
  if (response.status > 0)
    $scope.errorMsg = response.status + ': ' + response.data;
}, function (evt) {
  // Math.min is to fix IE which reports 200% sometimes
  file.progress = Math.min(100, parseInt(100.0 * evt.loaded / evt.total));
});
}
}]);

Is there any reason for the $timeout wrapper in all these examples? Would the following file.upload call work in its place?:

file.upload.then(function (response) {
  file.result = response.data;
}, function (response) {
  if (response.status > 0)
    $scope.errorMsg = response.status + ': ' + response.data;
}, function (evt) {
  // Math.min is to fix IE which reports 200% sometimes
  file.progress = Math.min(100, parseInt(100.0 * evt.loaded / evt.total));
});

Edit: I can see that it appears to run without the $timeout wrapper, but the fact it's included in all the examples makes me think it's deliberate, which probably means there's a security/robustness/browser compatibility edge case I don't understand here.

Answer 1

It's all to do with Angular's digest cycle. I'll try to demonstrate this with an example before I go on to explain what the digest cycle is. Imagine the following code:

angular.module('app', []).controller('TestController', ['$scope', function($scope){
    $scope.name = 'Tom';
    setTimeout(function(){
        $scope.name = 'Bob';
    }, 2000);
}]);

There's an inherent problem with this code. As much as we change the variable of $scope.name after 2 seconds, Angular is completely unaware of this change to $scope.name. If you now consider the following example where we use $timeout instead:

angular.module('app', []).controller('TestController', ['$scope', '$timeout', function($scope, $timeout){
    $scope.name = 'Tom';
    $timeout(function(){
        $scope.name = 'Bob';
    }, 2000);
}]);

Angular will call the anonymous function after two seconds, however, it will then start off Angular's digest cycle. This is the main difference between $timeout and setTimeout, the digest cycle being run.

The digest cycle is (put simply) Angular going over all of the watchers (bindings), checking for any changes and re-rendering where appropiate. You may have seen a mention to $scope.$apply elsewhere - this is how to start the digest cycle.

With regards to the example you provided: If the $timeout wasn't used, Angular wouldn't be aware that any changes have been made and as such, your view wouldn't update. I mentioned $scope.$apply earlier so you may be wondering why we don't just use this instead? The problem with using $scope.$apply is that you cannot be sure that a digest cycle isn't in progress already. If you do call it while one is occcuring, you'll see an error "$digest is already in progress". $timeout will only run after the current cycle and as such, this error won't happen.

People often use $timeout without any delay to notify Angular that a change has been made by a third party (like your file uploader), that it otherwise wouldn't know had happened.

Hopefully this clears things up.

Tom

Answer 2

$timeout can be used to invoke any callback asynchronously. e.g.

$timeout(function callback() {
  // code run asynchronously...
});

This means that all javascript will finish running before your callback is invoked. Adding a delay parameter to the timeout will delay the callback invocation approximately that much further, but you still gain asynchronous behavior whether or not a delay is provided.