问题
I have written a code to compare the solution of sympy and PARI/GP, but when I give a fraction value D=13/12, I get error, TypeError: int expected instead of float.
So I changed p1[i] = pari.stoi(c_long(numbers[i - 1])) to p1[i] = pari.stoi(c_float(numbers[i - 1])), but then nfroots gives no output, note that I have to use fraction in A, B, C, D which might take $10^10$ digits after decimal point.
How can I solve this problem?
The code is given below to download the libpari.dll file, click here -
from ctypes import *
from sympy.solvers import solve
from sympy import Symbol
pari = cdll.LoadLibrary("libpari.dll")
pari.stoi.restype = POINTER(c_long)
pari.cgetg.restype = POINTER(POINTER(c_long))
pari.gtopoly.restype = POINTER(c_long)
pari.nfroots.restype = POINTER(POINTER(c_long))
(t_VEC, t_COL, t_MAT) = (17, 18, 19) # incomplete
pari.pari_init(2 ** 19, 0)
def t_vec(numbers):
l = len(numbers) + 1
p1 = pari.cgetg(c_long(l), c_long(t_VEC))
for i in range(1, l):
#Changed c_long to c_float, but got no output
p1[i] = pari.stoi(c_long(numbers[i - 1]))
return p1
def Quartic_Comparison():
x = Symbol('x')
a=0;A=0;B=1;C=-7;D=13/12 #PROBLEM 1
solution=solve(a*x**4+A*x**3+B*x**2+ C*x + D, x)
print(solution)
V=(A,B,C,D)
P = pari.gtopoly(t_vec(V), c_long(-1))
res = pari.nfroots(None, P)
print("elements as long (only if of type t_INT): ")
for i in range(1, pari.glength(res) + 1):
print(pari.itos(res[i]))
return res #PROBLEM 2
f=Quartic_Comparison()
print(f)
The error is -
[0.158343724039430, 6.84165627596057]
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "C:\Users\Desktop\PARI Function ellisdivisible - Copy.py", line 40, in <module>
f=Quartic_Comparison()
File "C:\Users\Desktop\PARI Function ellisdivisible - Copy.py", line 32, in Quartic_Comparison
P = pari.gtopoly(t_vec(V), c_long(-1))
File "C:\Users\Desktop\PARI Function ellisdivisible - Copy.py", line 20, in t_vec
p1[i] = pari.stoi(c_long(numbers[i - 1]))
TypeError: int expected instead of float
回答1:
The PARI/C type system is very powerful and can also work with user-defined precision. Therefore PARI/C needs to use its own types system, see e.g. Implementation of the PARI types https://pari.math.u-bordeaux.fr/pub/pari/manuals/2.7.6/libpari.pdf.
All these internal types are handled as pointer to long in the PARI/C world. Don't be fooled by this, but the type has nothing to do with long. It is perhaps best thought of as an index or handle, representing a variable whose internal representation is hidden from the caller.
So whenever switching between PARI/C world and Python you need to convert types.
Conversion are described e.g. in section 4.4.6 in the above mentioned PDF file.
To convert a double to the corresponding PARI type (= t_REAL) one would therefore call the conversion function dbltor.
With the definition of
pari.dbltor.restype = POINTER(c_long)
pari.dbltor.argtypes = (c_double,)
one could get a PARI vector (t_VEC) like this:
def t_vec(numbers):
l = len(numbers) + 1
p1 = pari.cgetg(c_long(l), c_long(t_VEC))
for i in range(1, l):
p1[i] = pari.dbltor(numbers[i - 1])
return p1
User-defined Precision
But the type Python type double has limited precision (search e.g. for floating point precision on stackoverflow).
Therefore if you want to work with defined precision I would recommend to use gdiv.
Define it e.g. like so:
V = (pari.stoi(A), pari.stoi(B), pari.stoi(C), pari.gdiv(pari.stoi(13), pari.stoi(12)))
and adjust t_vec accordingly, to get a vector of these PARI numbers:
def t_vec(numbers):
l = len(numbers) + 1
p1 = pari.cgetg(c_long(l), c_long(t_VEC))
for i in range(1, l):
p1[i] = numbers[i - 1]
return p1
You then need to use realroots to calculate the roots in this case, see https://pari.math.u-bordeaux.fr/dochtml/html-stable/Polynomials_and_power_series.html#polrootsreal.
You could likewise use rtodbl to convert a PARI type t_REAL back to a double. But the same applies, since with using a floating point number you would loose precision. One solution here could be to convert the result to a string and display the list with the strings in the output.
Python Program
A self-contained Python program that considers the above points might look like this:
from ctypes import *
from sympy.solvers import solve
from sympy import Symbol
pari = cdll.LoadLibrary("libpari.so")
pari.stoi.restype = POINTER(c_long)
pari.stoi.argtypes = (c_long,)
pari.cgetg.restype = POINTER(POINTER(c_long))
pari.cgetg.argtypes = (c_long, c_long)
pari.gtopoly.restype = POINTER(c_long)
pari.gtopoly.argtypes = (POINTER(POINTER(c_long)), c_long)
pari.dbltor.restype = POINTER(c_long)
pari.dbltor.argtypes = (c_double,)
pari.rtodbl.restype = c_double
pari.rtodbl.argtypes = (POINTER(c_long),)
pari.realroots.restype = POINTER(POINTER(c_long))
pari.realroots.argtypes = (POINTER(c_long), POINTER(POINTER(c_long)), c_long)
pari.GENtostr.restype = c_char_p
pari.GENtostr.argtypes = (POINTER(c_long),)
pari.gdiv.restype = POINTER(c_long)
pari.gdiv.argtypes = (POINTER(c_long), POINTER(c_long))
(t_VEC, t_COL, t_MAT) = (17, 18, 19) # incomplete
precision = c_long(38)
pari.pari_init(2 ** 19, 0)
def t_vec(numbers):
l = len(numbers) + 1
p1 = pari.cgetg(c_long(l), c_long(t_VEC))
for i in range(1, l):
p1[i] = numbers[i - 1]
return p1
def quartic_comparison():
x = Symbol('x')
a = 0
A = 0
B = 1
C = -7
D = 13 / 12
solution = solve(a * x ** 4 + A * x ** 3 + B * x ** 2 + C * x + D, x)
print(f"sympy: {solution}")
V = (pari.stoi(A), pari.stoi(B), pari.stoi(C), pari.gdiv(pari.stoi(13), pari.stoi(12)))
P = pari.gtopoly(t_vec(V), -1)
roots = pari.realroots(P, None, precision)
res = []
for i in range(1, pari.glength(roots) + 1):
res.append(pari.GENtostr(roots[i]).decode("utf-8")) #res.append(pari.rtodbl(roots[i]))
return res
f = quartic_comparison()
print(f"PARI: {f}")
Test
The output on the console would look like:
sympy: [0.158343724039430, 6.84165627596057]
PARI: ['0.15834372403942977487354358292473161327', '6.8416562759605702251264564170752683867']
Side Note
Not really asked in the question, but just in case you want to avoid 13/12 you could transform your formula from
to
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/60889072/fraction-value-problem-in-ctypes-to-pari-gp