有这么一本Python的书: <<Python 网络数据采集>>
我准备用.NET Core及第三方库实现里面所有的例子.
这是第一部分, 主要使用的是AngleSharp: https://anglesharp.github.io/
(文章的章节书与该书是对应的)
第1章 初见网络爬虫
发送Http请求
在python里面这样发送http请求, 它使用的是python的标准库urllib:
在.NET Core里面, 你可以使用HttpClient, 相应的C#代码如下:
var client = new HttpClient(); HttpResponseMessage response = await client.GetAsync("http://pythonscraping.com/pages/page1.html"); response.EnsureSuccessStatusCode(); var responseBody = await response.Content.ReadAsStringAsync(); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); return responseBody;
或者可以简写为:
var client = new HttpClient(); var responseBody = await client.GetStringAsync("http://pythonscraping.com/pages/page1.html"); Console.WriteLine(responseBody);
其结果如下:
使用AngleSharp解析html源码
python里面可以使用BeautifulSoup或者MechanicalSoup等库对html源码进行解析.
而.NET Core可以使用AngleSharp, Html Agility Pack, DotnetSpider(国产, 也支持元素抽取).等库来操作Html文档.
这里我先使用的是AngleSharp, AngleSharp的解析库可以使用标准的W3C规范来解析HTML, MathML, XML, SVG和CSS. 它支持.NET Standard 1.0.
安装AngleSharp
通过Nuget即可: https://www.nuget.org/packages/AngleSharp/
Install-Package AngleSharp
或者dotnet-cli:
dotnet add package AngleSharp
AngleSharp的一个简单例子
下面这个例子(1.2.2)是把页面中h1元素的内容显示出来.
书中Python的代码:
下面是.NET Core的C#代码:
public static async Task ReadWithAngleSharpAsync() { var htmlSourceCode = await SendRequestWithHttpClientAsync(); var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(htmlSourceCode); Console.WriteLine($"Serializing the (original) document: {document.QuerySelector("h1").OuterHtml}"); Console.WriteLine($"Serializing the (original) document: {document.QuerySelector("html > body > h1").OuterHtml}"); }
在这里AngleSharp首先需要创建一个可以循环使用的HtmlParser(Html解析器), 然后使用解析器解析html源码即可: parser.Parse() 或者异步版本 parser.ParseAsync().
解析返回对象的类型是IHtmlDocument, 里面是解析好的DOM. 其中DOM是和AngleSharp里的类这样对应的:
这个图其实是老一点的版本, 新版本的DOM模型是稍微有点不同的, 不过你只要理解这个意思就行...
AngleSharp有很多特点, 但是最重要的特点就是它支持querySelector()和querySelectorAll()方法, 就像DOM的方法一样.
上面这个例子里, 其html的结构大致如下:
所以针对返回的IHtmlDocument对象document, 我们使用document.QuerySelector("h1").OuterHtml, 就可以返回h1的OuterHtml. 而使用document.QuerySelector("html > body > h1").OuterHtml 也是同样的效果, 因为标准的CSS选择器是都支持的.
QuerySelector()返回的是一个/0个元素, 相当于Linq的FirstOrDefault().
其运行结果如下:
异常情况处理
发送Http请求之后, 可能会发生错误, 例如网页不存在(或者请求时出错), 服务器不存在等等.
针对这些情况, .NET Core程序会返回HTTP错误, 可能是404也可能是500等. 但是所有的类型HttpClient都会抛出HttpRequestException, 我们可以这样处理这种异常:
public static async Task ResponseWithErrorsAsync() { try { var client = new HttpClient(); var responseBody = await client.GetStringAsync("http://notexistwebsite"); Console.WriteLine(responseBody); } catch (HttpRequestException e) { Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red; Console.WriteLine("\nException Caught!"); Console.WriteLine("Message :{0} ", e.Message); } }
但是即使网页获取成功了, 网页上的内容也并非完全是我们所期待的, 仍可能会抛出异常. 比如说你想要找的标签不存在, 那么就会返回null, 然后再调用改标签的属性, 就会发生NullReferenceException.
所以这种情况可以捕获NullReferenceException, 也可以使用代码判断:
public static async Task ReadNonExistTagAsync() { var htmlSourceCode = await SendRequestWithHttpClientAsync(); var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(htmlSourceCode); var nonExistTag = document.QuerySelector("h8"); Console.WriteLine(nonExistTag); Console.WriteLine($"nonExistTag is null: {nonExistTag is null}"); try { Console.WriteLine(nonExistTag.QuerySelector("p").OuterHtml); } catch (NullReferenceException) { Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red; Console.WriteLine("Tag was not found"); } }
完整的例子:
public static async Task RunAllAsync() { Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red; async Task<string> GetTileAsync(string uri) { var httpClient = new HttpClient(); try { var responseHtml = await httpClient.GetStringAsync(uri); var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(responseHtml); var tagContent = document.QuerySelector("body > h8").TextContent; return tagContent; } catch (HttpRequestException e) { Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(HttpRequestException)}:"); Console.WriteLine("Message :{0} ", e.Message); return null; } catch (NullReferenceException) { Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(NullReferenceException)}:"); Console.WriteLine("Tag was not found"); return null; } } var title = await GetTileAsync("http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page1.html"); if (string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(title)) { Console.WriteLine("Title was not found"); } else { Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green; Console.WriteLine(title); } }
第2章 复杂HTML解析
首先我把请求Http返回HTML代码的那部分封装成了一个方法以便复用:
public static async Task<string> GetHtmlSourceCodeAsync(string uri) { var httpClient = new HttpClient(); try { var htmlSource = await httpClient.GetStringAsync(uri); return htmlSource; } catch (HttpRequestException e) { Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red; Console.WriteLine($"{nameof(HttpRequestException)}: {e.Message}"); return null; } }
CSS是网络爬虫的福音, 下面这两个元素在页面中可能会出现很多次:
我们可以使用AngleSharp里面的QuerySelectorAll()方法把所有符合条件的元素都找出来, 返回到一个结果集合里.
public static async Task FindGreenClassAsync() { const string url = "http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/warandpeace.html"; var html = await GetHtmlSourceCodeAsync(url); if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(html)) { var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(html); var nameList = document.QuerySelectorAll("span > .green"); Console.WriteLine("Green names are:"); Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green; foreach (var item in nameList) { Console.WriteLine(item.TextContent); } } else { Console.WriteLine("No html source code returned."); } }
非常简单, 和DOM的标准操作是一样的.
如果只需要元素的文字部分, 那么就是用其TextContent属性即可.
再看个例子
1. 找出页面中所有的h1, h2, h3, h4, h5, h6元素
2. 找出class为green或red的span元素.
public static async Task FindByAttributeAsync() { const string url = "http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/warandpeace.html"; var html = await GetHtmlSourceCodeAsync(url); if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(html)) { var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(html); var headers = document.QuerySelectorAll("*") .Where(x => new[] { "h1", "h2", "h3", "h4", "h5", "h6" }.Contains(x.TagName.ToLower())); Console.WriteLine("Headers are:"); PrintItemsText(headers); var greenAndRed = document.All .Where(x => x.TagName == "span" && (x.ClassList.Contains("green") || x.ClassList.Contains("red"))); Console.WriteLine("Green and Red spans are:"); PrintItemsText(greenAndRed); var thePrinces = document.QuerySelectorAll("*").Where(x => x.TextContent == "the prince"); Console.WriteLine(thePrinces.Count()); } else { Console.WriteLine("No html source code returned."); } void PrintItemsText(IEnumerable<IElement> elements) { foreach (var item in elements) { Console.WriteLine(item.TextContent); } } }
这里我们可以看到QuerySelectorAll()的返回结果可以使用Linq的Where方法进行过滤, 这样就很强大了.
TagName属性就是元素的标签名.
此外, 还有一个document.All, All属性是该Document所有元素的集合, 它同样也支持Linq.
(该方法中使用了一个本地方法).
由于同时支持CSS选择器和Linq, 所以抽取元素的工作简单多了.
导航树
一个页面, 它的结构可以是这样的:
这里面有几个概念:
子标签和后代标签.
子标签是父标签的下一级, 而后代标签则是指父标签下面所有级别的标签.
tr是table的子标签, tr, th, td, img都是table的后代标签.
使用AngleSharp, 找出子标签可以使用.Children属性. 而找出后代标签, 可以使用CSS选择器.
兄弟标签
找到前一个兄弟标签使用.PreviousElementSibling属性, 后一个兄弟标签是.NextElementSibling属性.
父标签
.ParentElement属性就是父标签.
public static async Task FindDescendantAsync() { const string url = "http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page3.html"; var html = await GetHtmlSourceCodeAsync(url); if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(html)) { var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(html); var tableChildren = document.QuerySelector("table#giftList > tbody").Children; Console.WriteLine("Table's children are:"); foreach (var child in tableChildren) { System.Console.WriteLine(child.LocalName); } var descendants = document.QuerySelectorAll("table#giftList > tbody *"); Console.WriteLine("Table's descendants are:"); foreach (var item in descendants) { Console.WriteLine(item.LocalName); } var siblings = document.QuerySelectorAll("table#giftList > tbody > tr").Select(x => x.NextElementSibling); Console.WriteLine("Table's descendants are:"); foreach (var item in siblings) { Console.WriteLine(item?.LocalName); } var parentSibling = document.All.SingleOrDefault(x => x.HasAttribute("src") && x.GetAttribute("src") == "../img/gifts/img1.jpg") ?.ParentElement.PreviousElementSibling; if (parentSibling != null) { Console.WriteLine($"Parent's previous sibling is: {parentSibling.TextContent}"); } } else { Console.WriteLine("No html source code returned."); } }
结果:
使用正则表达式
"如果你有一个问题打算使用正则表达式来解决, 那么现在你有两个问题了".
这里有一个测试正则表达式的网站: https://www.regexpal.com/
目前, AngleSharp支持通过CSS选择器来查找元素, 也可以使用Linq来过滤元素, 当然也可以通过多种方式使用正则表达式进行更复杂的查找动作.
关于正则表达式我就不介绍了. 直接看例子.
我想找到页面中所有的满足下列要求的图片, 其src的值以../img/gifts/img开头并且随后跟着数字, 然后格式为.jpg的图标.
public static async Task FindByRegexAsync() { const string url = "http://www.pythonscraping.com/pages/page3.html"; var html = await GetHtmlSourceCodeAsync(url); if (!string.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(html)) { var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(html); var images = document.QuerySelectorAll("img") .Where(x => x.HasAttribute("src") && Regex.Match(x.Attributes["src"].Value, @"\.\.\/img\/gifts/img.*\.jpg").Success); foreach (var item in images) { Console.WriteLine(item.Attributes["src"].Value); } var elementsWith2Attributes = document.All.Where(x => x.Attributes.Length == 2); foreach (var item in elementsWith2Attributes) { Console.WriteLine(item.LocalName); foreach (var attr in item.Attributes) { Console.WriteLine($"\t{attr.Name} - {attr.Value}"); } } } else { Console.WriteLine("No html source code returned."); } }
这个其实没有任何难度.
但从本例可以看到, 判断元素有没有一个属性可以使用HasAttribute("xxx")方法, 可以通过.Attributes索引来获取属性, 其属性值就是.Attributes["xxx"].Value.
如果不会正则表达式, 我相信多写的Linq的过滤代码也差不多能达到要求.
第3章 开始采集
遍历单个域名
就是几个应用的例子, 直接贴代码吧.
打印出一个页面内所有的超链接地址:
public static async Task TraversingASingleDomainAsync() { var httpClient = new HttpClient(); var htmlSource = await httpClient.GetStringAsync("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon"); var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(htmlSource); var links = document.QuerySelectorAll("a"); foreach (var link in links) { Console.WriteLine(link.Attributes["href"]?.Value); } }
找出满足下列条件的超链接:
- 在id为bodyContent的div里
- url不包括分号
- url以/wiki开头
public static async Task FindSpecificLinksAsync() { var httpClient = new HttpClient(); var htmlSource = await httpClient.GetStringAsync("http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin_Bacon"); var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(htmlSource); var links = document.QuerySelector("div#bodyContent").QuerySelectorAll("a") .Where(x => x.HasAttribute("href") && Regex.Match(x.Attributes["href"].Value, @"^(/wiki/)((?!:).)*$").Success); foreach (var link in links) { Console.WriteLine(link.Attributes["href"]?.Value); } }
随机找到页面里面一个连接, 然后递归调用自己的方法, 直到主动停止:
private static async Task<IEnumerable<IElement>> GetLinksAsync(string uri) { var httpClient = new HttpClient(); var htmlSource = await httpClient.GetStringAsync($"http://en.wikipedia.org{uri}"); var parser = new HtmlParser(); var document = await parser.ParseAsync(htmlSource); var links = document.QuerySelector("div#bodyContent").QuerySelectorAll("a") .Where(x => x.HasAttribute("href") && Regex.Match(x.Attributes["href"].Value, @"^(/wiki/)((?!:).)*$").Success); return links; } public static async Task GetRandomNestedLinksAsync() { var random = new Random(); var links = (await GetLinksAsync("/wiki/Kevin_Bacon")).ToList(); while (links.Any()) { var newArticle = links[random.Next(0, links.Count)].Attributes["href"].Value; Console.WriteLine(newArticle); links = (await GetLinksAsync(newArticle)).ToList(); } }
采集整个网站
首先要了解几个概念:
浅网 surface web: 是互联网上搜索引擎可以直接抓取到的那部分网络.
与浅网对立的就是深网 deep web: 互联网中90%都是深网.
暗网Darknet / dark web / dark internet: 它完全是另外一种怪兽. 它们也建立在已有的网络基础上, 但是使用Tor客户端, 带有运行在HTTP之上的新协议, 提供了一个信息交换的安全隧道. 这类网也可以采集, 但是超出了本书的范围.....
深网相对暗网还是比较容易采集的.
采集整个网站的两个好处:
- 生成网站地图
- 收集数据
由于网站的规模和深度, 所以采集到的超链接很多可能是重复的, 这时我们就需要链接去重, 可以使用Set类型的集合:
private static readonly HashSet<string> LinkSet = new HashSet<string>(); private static readonly HttpClient HttpClient = new HttpClient(); private static readonly HtmlParser Parser = new HtmlParser(); public static async Task GetUniqueLinksAsync(string uri = "") { var htmlSource = await HttpClient.GetStringAsync($"http://en.wikipedia.org{uri}"); var document = await Parser.ParseAsync(htmlSource); var links = document.QuerySelectorAll("a") .Where(x => x.HasAttribute("href") && Regex.Match(x.Attributes["href"].Value, @"^(/wiki/)").Success); foreach (var link in links) { if (!LinkSet.Contains(link.Attributes["href"].Value)) { var newPage = link.Attributes["href"].Value; Console.WriteLine(newPage); LinkSet.Add(newPage); await GetUniqueLinksAsync(newPage); } } }
(递归调用的深度需要注意一下, 不然有时候能崩溃).
收集整个网站数据
这个例子相对网站, 包括收集相关文字和异常处理等:
private static readonly HashSet<string> LinkSet = new HashSet<string>(); private static readonly HttpClient HttpClient = new HttpClient(); private static readonly HtmlParser Parser = new HtmlParser(); public static async Task GetLinksWithInfoAsync(string uri = "") { var htmlSource = await HttpClient.GetStringAsync($"http://en.wikipedia.org{uri}"); var document = await Parser.ParseAsync(htmlSource); try { var title = document.QuerySelector("h1").TextContent; Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Green; Console.WriteLine(title); var contentElement = document.QuerySelector("#mw-content-text").QuerySelectorAll("p").FirstOrDefault(); if (contentElement != null) { Console.WriteLine(contentElement.TextContent); } var alink = document.QuerySelector("#ca-edit").QuerySelectorAll("span a").SingleOrDefault(x => x.HasAttribute("href"))?.Attributes["href"].Value; Console.WriteLine(alink); } catch (NullReferenceException) { Console.ForegroundColor = ConsoleColor.Red; Console.WriteLine("Cannot find the tag!"); } var links = document.QuerySelectorAll("a") .Where(x => x.HasAttribute("href") && Regex.Match(x.Attributes["href"].Value, @"^(/wiki/)").Success).ToList(); foreach (var link in links) { if (!LinkSet.Contains(link.Attributes["href"].Value)) { var newPage = link.Attributes["href"].Value; Console.WriteLine(newPage); LinkSet.Add(newPage); await GetLinksWithInfoAsync(newPage); } } }
不知前方水深的例子
第一个例子, 寻找随机外链:
using System; using System.Collections.Generic; using System.Linq; using System.Net.Http; using System.Text.RegularExpressions; using System.Threading.Tasks; using AngleSharp.Parser.Html; namespace WebScrapingWithDotNetCore.Chapter03 { public class CrawlingAcrossInternet { private static readonly Random Random = new Random(); private static readonly HttpClient HttpClient = new HttpClient(); private static readonly HashSet<string> InternalLinks = new HashSet<string>(); private static readonly HashSet<string> ExternalLinks = new HashSet<string>(); private static readonly HtmlParser Parser = new HtmlParser(); public static async Task FollowExternalOnlyAsync(string startingSite) { var externalLink = await GetRandomExternalLinkAsync(startingSite); if (externalLink != null) { Console.WriteLine($"External Links is: {externalLink}"); await FollowExternalOnlyAsync(externalLink); } else { Console.WriteLine("Random External link is null, Crawling terminated."); } } private static async Task<string> GetRandomExternalLinkAsync(string startingPage) { try { var htmlSource = await HttpClient.GetStringAsync(startingPage); var externalLinks = (await GetExternalLinksAsync(htmlSource, SplitAddress(startingPage)[0])).ToList(); if (externalLinks.Any()) { return externalLinks[Random.Next(0, externalLinks.Count)]; } var internalLinks = (await GetInternalLinksAsync(htmlSource, startingPage)).ToList(); if (internalLinks.Any()) { return await GetRandomExternalLinkAsync(internalLinks[Random.Next(0, internalLinks.Count)]); } return null; } catch (HttpRequestException e) { Console.WriteLine($"Error requesting: {e.Message}"); return null; } } private static string[] SplitAddress(string address) { var addressParts = address.Replace("http://", "").Replace("https://", "").Split("/"); return addressParts; } private static async Task<IEnumerable<string>> GetInternalLinksAsync(string htmlSource, string includeUrl) { var document = await Parser.ParseAsync(htmlSource); var links = document.QuerySelectorAll("a") .Where(x => x.HasAttribute("href") && Regex.Match(x.Attributes["href"].Value, $@"^(/|.*{includeUrl})").Success) .Select(x => x.Attributes["href"].Value); foreach (var link in links) { if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(link) && !InternalLinks.Contains(link)) { InternalLinks.Add(link); } } return InternalLinks; } private static async Task<IEnumerable<string>> GetExternalLinksAsync(string htmlSource, string excludeUrl) { var document = await Parser.ParseAsync(htmlSource); var links = document.QuerySelectorAll("a") .Where(x => x.HasAttribute("href") && Regex.Match(x.Attributes["href"].Value, $@"^(http|www)((?!{excludeUrl}).)*$").Success) .Select(x => x.Attributes["href"].Value); foreach (var link in links) { if (!string.IsNullOrEmpty(link) && !ExternalLinks.Contains(link)) { ExternalLinks.Add(link); } } return ExternalLinks; } private static readonly HashSet<string> AllExternalLinks = new HashSet<string>(); private static readonly HashSet<string> AllInternalLinks = new HashSet<string>(); public static async Task GetAllExternalLinksAsync(string siteUrl) { try { var htmlSource = await HttpClient.GetStringAsync(siteUrl); var internalLinks = await GetInternalLinksAsync(htmlSource, SplitAddress(siteUrl)[0]); var externalLinks = await GetExternalLinksAsync(htmlSource, SplitAddress(siteUrl)[0]); foreach (var link in externalLinks) { if (!AllExternalLinks.Contains(link)) { AllExternalLinks.Add(link); Console.WriteLine(link); } } foreach (var link in internalLinks) { if (!AllInternalLinks.Contains(link)) { Console.WriteLine($"The link is: {link}"); AllInternalLinks.Add(link); await GetAllExternalLinksAsync(link); } } } catch (HttpRequestException e) { Console.WriteLine(e); Console.WriteLine($"Request error: {e.Message}"); } } } }
程序有Bug, 您可以给解决下......
第一部分先到这....主要用的是AngleSharp. AngleSharp不止这些功能, 很强大的, 具体请看文档.
由于该书下一部分使用的是Python的Scrapy, 所以下篇文章我也许应该使用DotNetSpider了, 这是一个国产的库....
项目的代码在: https://github.com/solenovex/Web-Scraping-With-.NET-Core
来源:https://www.cnblogs.com/cgzl/p/8970582.html