问题
I've made a class in which I want to keep track of stats of students. I intend to make a GUI later to manipulate this data.
My main question is: what is the best way to save and later retrieve this data?
I've read about pickle and JSON, but I don't really get how they work (especially about how they save the data, like in which format and where).
回答1:
For persistent data (storing info about students), a database is a good choice. As already mentioned, Python comes shipped with Sqlite3 which is often good enough, for development purposes at least.
Introducing Sqlite to Python is easy - just import the library in your source code file and open a connection to your database. Refer to the python documentation.
EDIT: Found a new tutorial about Python + Sqlite that seems good.
回答2:
If your data are pretty simple, like just collections of collections of strings or numbers, I would use json. What JSON is, is a string representation of simple data types and combinations of simple data types. Once you use the json module to convert your data to a string, you write it to a file yourself.
It's super simple:
>>> my_data = [range(5) for i in range(5)]
>>> my_data
[[0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]]
>>> import json
>>> json.dumps(my_data)
'[[0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]]'
Then just write that string to a file. When you want to reload it, like so:
>>> import json
>>> string_from_file
'[[0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]]'
>>> my_saved_data = json.loads(string_from_file)
>>> my_saved_data
[[0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4], [0, 1, 2, 3, 4]]
If your data are more complicated, and involves classes other than the built-in collection objects, pickle is a better choice. One very important thing to know about pickle is that there are security vulnerabilities in pickle, and it's a bad idea to unpickle anything you yourself didn't pickle. pickle is vulnerable to the security problems detailed in this article: http://www.kalzumeus.com/2013/01/31/what-the-rails-security-issue-means-for-your-startup/
If the size of your data is very large, or you will be saving/loading it frequently, or for any reason using json and saving to a local file is inadequate, then a database will be the way to go.
回答3:
You also may use csv files module. It depends on what you need.
回答4:
Use a database. SQLAlchemy with SQLight is a good start. You'll end up there in the end anyway.
or
Dump everything out with the pickle module. (there really isn't anything to understand, you save objects and then load them again, it's really simple).
回答5:
You could use pickling, Python's serialization mechanism:
The pickle module implements a fundamental, but powerful algorithm for serializing and de-serializing a Python object structure. “Pickling” is the process whereby a Python object hierarchy is converted into a byte stream, and “unpickling” is the inverse operation, whereby a byte stream is converted back into an object hierarchy. Pickling (and unpickling) is alternatively known as “serialization”, “marshalling,” [1] or “flattening”, however, to avoid confusion, the terms used here are “pickling” and “unpickling”.
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/14509269/best-method-of-saving-data