问题

To get a better understanding about parallel, I am comparing a set of different pieces of code.

Here is the basic one (code_piece_1).

for loop

import time

# setup
problem_size = 1e7
items = range(9)

# serial
def counter(num=0):
    junk = 0
    for i in range(int(problem_size)):
        junk += 1
        junk -= 1
    return num

def sum_list(args):
    print("sum_list fn:", args)
    return sum(args)

start = time.time()
summed = sum_list([counter(i) for i in items])
print(summed)
print('for loop {}s'.format(time.time() - start))

This code ran a time consumer in a serial style (for loop) and got this result

sum_list fn: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
36
for loop 8.7735116481781s

multiprocessing

Could multiprocessing style be viewed as a way to implement parallel computing?

I assume a Yes, since the doc says so.

Here is code_piece_2

import multiprocessing
start = time.time()
pool = multiprocessing.Pool(len(items))
num_to_sum = pool.map(counter, items)
print(sum_list(num_to_sum))
print('pool.map {}s'.format(time.time() - start))

This code ran the same time consumer in multiprocessing style and got this result

sum_list fn: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
36
pool.map 1.6011056900024414s

Obviously, the multiprocessing one is faster than the serial in this particular case.

Dask

Dask is a flexible library for parallel computing in Python.

This code (code_piece_3) ran the same time consumer with Dask (I am not sure whether I use Dask the right way.)

@delayed
def counter(num=0):
    junk = 0
    for i in range(int(problem_size)):
        junk += 1
        junk -= 1
    return num
@delayed
def sum_list(args):
    print("sum_list fn:", args)
    return sum(args)

start = time.time()
summed = sum_list([counter(i) for i in items])
print(summed.compute())
print('dask delayed {}s'.format(time.time() - start))

I got

sum_list fn: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
36
dask delayed 10.288054704666138s

my cpu has 6 physical cores

Question

Why does Dask perform so slower while multiprocessing perform so much faster?

Am I using Dask the wrong way? If yes, what is the right way?

Note: Please discuss with this particular case or other specific and concrete cases. Please do NOT talk generally.

回答1:

In your example, dask is slower than python multiprocessing, because you don't specify the scheduler, so dask uses the multithreading backend, which is the default. As mdurant has pointed out, your code does not release the GIL, therefore multithreading cannot execute the task graph in parallel.

Have a look here for a good overview over the topic: https://docs.dask.org/en/stable/scheduler-overview.html

For your code, you could switch to the multiprocessing backend by calling: .compute(scheduler='processes').

If you use the multiprocessing backend, all communication between processes still needs to pass through the main process. You therefore might also want to check out the distributed scheduler, where worker processes can directly communicate with each other, which is beneficial especially for complex task graphs. Also, the distributed scheduler supports work-stealing to balance work between processes and has a webinterface providing some diagnostic information about running tasks. It often makes sense to use the distributed scheduler rather than the multirpocessing scheduler even if you only want to compute on a local machine.

回答2:

Q : Why did parallel computing take longer than a serial one?

Because there are way more instructions loaded onto CPU to get executed ( "awfully" many even before a first step of the instructed / intended block of calculations gets first into the CPU ), then in a pure-[SERIAL] case, where no add-on costs were added to the flow-of-execution.

For these (hidden from the source-code) add-on operations ( that you pay both in [TIME]-domain ( duration of such "preparations" ) and in [SPACE]-domain ( allocating more RAM to contain all involved structures needed for [PARALLEL]-operated code ( well, most often a still just-[CONCURRENT]-operated code, if we are pedantic and accurate in terminology ), which again costs you in [TIME], as each and every RAM-I/O costs you about more than 1/3 of [us] ~ 300~380 [ns] )

The result?

Unless your workload-package has "sufficient enough" amount of work, that can get executed in parallel ( non-blocking, having no locks, no mutexes, no sharing, no dependencies, no I/O, ... indeed independent having minimum RAM-I/O re-fetches ), it is very easy to "pay way more than you ever get back".

For details on the add-on costs and things that have such strong effect on resulting Speedup, start reading the criticism of blind using the original, overhead naive formulation of the Amdahl's law here.

回答3:

The code you have requires the GIL, so only one task is running at a time, and all you are getting is extra overhead. If you use, for example, the distributed scheduler with processes, then you get much better performance.

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/57820724/why-does-dask-perform-so-slower-while-multiprocessing-perform-so-much-faster

标签

python

parallel-processing

dask

parallelism-amdahl