Wildcards in Generics: “? super T” works while “? extends T” does not?

问题

My question is about generics in Java 7. Suppose we have such class hierarchy:

interface Animal {}    
class Lion implements Animal {}    
class Butterfly implements Animal {}

Just like in Java Generics Tutorial

Also we have a class

class Cage<T> {
    private List<T> arr = new ArrayList<>();
    public void add(T t) {
        arr.add(t);
    }
    public T get() {
        return arr.get(0);
    }
}

And here is the code which uses that classes:

public static void main(String[] args) {
        Cage<? extends Animal> cage = new Cage<>();
        Animal a = cage.get(); //OK
        cage.add(new Lion()); //Compile-time error
        cage.add(new Butterfly()); //Compile-time error   
    }

Question #1:

I have read here about these issues but there was simply like Cage<?>. But I tell the compiler <? extends Animal> so type T in Cage<T> will be any of subtypes of Animal type. So why it still gives a compile time error?

Question #2:

If I specify Cage<? super Animal> cage = ... instead of Cage<? extends Animal> cage = ... everything works fine and compiler doesn't say anything bad. Why in this case it works fine while in the example above it fails?

回答1:

The cage must be able to hold both types of animals. "super" says that - it says that the Cage must be able to hold all types of animals - and maybe some other things, too, because ? super Animal might be a superclass of Animal. "extends" says that it can hold some kinds of animals - maybe just Lions, for instance, as in:

Cage<? extends Animal> cage = new Cage<Lion>();

which would be a valid statement, but obviously the lion cage won't hold butterflies, so

cage.add(new Butterfly());

wouldn't compile. The statement

cage.add(new Lion());

wouldn't compile either, because Java here is looking at the declaration of the cage - Cage<? extends Animal> - not the object that's assigned to it right now (Cage<Lion>).

The best description of generics I know of is in O'Reilly's Java in a Nutshell. The chapter is free online - part 1 and part 2.

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/7541849/wildcards-in-generics-super-t-works-while-extends-t-does-not

标签

java

generics

java-7