问题
Sometimes I run into a problem:
OOM when allocating tensor with shape
e.q.
OOM when allocating tensor with shape (1024, 100, 160)
Where 1024 is my batch size and I don't know what's the rest. If I reduce the batch size or the number of neurons in the model, it runs fine.
Is there a generic way to calculate optimal batch size based on model and GPU memory, so the program doesn't crash?
In short: I want the largest batch size possible in terms of my model, which will fit into my GPU memory and won't crash the program.
回答1:
You can estimate the largest batch size using:
Max batch size= available GPU memory bytes / 4 / (size of tensors + trainable parameters)
回答2:
From the recent Deep Learning book by Goodfellow et al., chapter 8:
Minibatch sizes are generally driven by the following factors:
- Larger batches provide a more accurate estimate of the gradient, but with less than linear returns.
- Multicore architectures are usually underutilized by extremely small batches. This motivates using some absolute minimum batch size, below which there is no reduction in the time to process a minibatch.
- If all examples in the batch are to be processed in parallel (as is typically the case), then the amount of memory scales with the batch size. For many hardware setups this is the limiting factor in batch size.
- Some kinds of hardware achieve better runtime with specific sizes of arrays. Especially when using GPUs, it is common for power of 2 batch sizes to offer better runtime. Typical power of 2 batch sizes range from 32 to 256, with 16 sometimes being attempted for large models.
- Small batches can offer a regularizing effect (Wilson and Martinez, 2003), perhaps due to the noise they add to the learning process. Generalization error is often best for a batch size of 1. Training with such a small batch size might require a small learning rate to maintain stability because of the high variance in the estimate of the gradient. The total runtime can be very high as a result of the need to make more steps, both because of the reduced learning rate and because it takes more steps to observe the entire training set.
Which in practice usually means "in powers of 2 and the larger the better, provided that the batch fits into your (GPU) memory".
You might want also to consult several good posts here in Stack Exchange:
- Tradeoff batch size vs. number of iterations to train a neural network
- Selection of Mini-batch Size for Neural Network Regression
- How large should the batch size be for stochastic gradient descent?
Just keep in mind that the paper by Keskar et al. 'On Large-Batch Training for Deep Learning: Generalization Gap and Sharp Minima', quoted by several of the posts above, has received some objections by other respectable researchers of the deep learning community.
Hope this helps...
UPDATE (Dec 2017): There is a new paper by Yoshua Bengio & team, Three Factors Influencing Minima in SGD (Nov 2017); it is worth reading in the sense that it reports new theoretical & experimental results on the interplay between learning rate and batch size.
回答3:
I ran into a similar GPU mem error which was solved by configuring the tensorflow session with the following:
# See https://www.tensorflow.org/tutorials/using_gpu#allowing_gpu_memory_growth
config = tf.ConfigProto()
config.gpu_options.allow_growth = True
see: google colaboratory `ResourceExhaustedError` with GPU
回答4:
to define function to find batch size for training the model
def FindBatchSize(model):
"""#model: model architecture, that is yet to be trained"""
import os, sys, psutil, gc, tensorflow, keras
import numpy as np
from keras import backend as K
BatchFound= 16
try:
total_params= int(model.count_params()); GCPU= "CPU"
#find whether gpu is available
try:
if K.tensorflow_backend._get_available_gpus()== []:
GCPU= "CPU"; #CPU and Cuda9GPU
else:
GCPU= "GPU"
except:
from tensorflow.python.client import device_lib; #Cuda8GPU
def get_available_gpus():
local_device_protos= device_lib.list_local_devices()
return [x.name for x in local_device_protos if x.device_type == 'GPU']
if "gpu" not in str(get_available_gpus()).lower():
GCPU= "CPU"
else:
GCPU= "GPU"
#decide batch size on the basis of GPU availability and model complexity
if (GCPU== "GPU") and (os.cpu_count() >15) and (total_params <1000000):
BatchFound= 64
if (os.cpu_count() <16) and (total_params <500000):
BatchFound= 64
if (GCPU== "GPU") and (os.cpu_count() >15) and (total_params <2000000) and (total_params >=1000000):
BatchFound= 32
if (GCPU== "GPU") and (os.cpu_count() >15) and (total_params >=2000000) and (total_params <10000000):
BatchFound= 16
if (GCPU== "GPU") and (os.cpu_count() >15) and (total_params >=10000000):
BatchFound= 8
if (os.cpu_count() <16) and (total_params >5000000):
BatchFound= 8
if total_params >100000000:
BatchFound= 1
except:
pass
try:
#find percentage of memory used
memoryused= psutil.virtual_memory()
memoryused= float(str(memoryused).replace(" ", "").split("percent=")[1].split(",")[0])
if memoryused >75.0:
BatchFound= 8
if memoryused >85.0:
BatchFound= 4
if memoryused >90.0:
BatchFound= 2
if total_params >100000000:
BatchFound= 1
print("Batch Size: "+ str(BatchFound)); gc.collect()
except:
pass
memoryused= []; total_params= []; GCPU= "";
del memoryused, total_params, GCPU; gc.collect()
return BatchFound
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来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/46654424/how-to-calculate-optimal-batch-size