How to accomplish relative import in python

问题

stuff/
    __init__.py
    mylib.py
    Foo/
        __init__.py
        main.py
        foo/
            __init__.py
            script.py

script.py wants to import mylib.py

This is just an example, but really I just want to do a relative import of a module in a parent directory. I've tried various things and get this error...

Attempted relative import beyond toplevel package

I read somewhere that the script from where the program starts shouldn't in the package, and I tried modifying the structure for that like so...

stuff/
    mylib.py
    foo.py // equivalent of main.py in above
    foo/
        __init__.py
        script.py

but got same error.

How can I accomplish this? Is this even an adequate approach?

Edit: In Python 2

回答1:

After fiddling with it a bit more, I realized how to set it up, and for the sake of specificity I won't use foo bar names. My project directory is set up as...

tools/
    core/
        object_editor/
            # files that need to use ntlib.py
            editor.py # see example at bottom
            __init__.py
        state_editor/
            # files that need to use ntlib.py
            __init__.py
        ntlib.py
        __init__.py # core is the top level package
    LICENSE
    state_editor.py # equivalent to main.py for the state editor
    object_editor.py # equivalent to main.py for the object editor

A line in object_editor.py looks like...

from core.object_editor import editor

A line in editor.py looks like...

from .. import ntlib

or alternatively

from core import ntlib

The key is that in the example I gave in the question, the "main" script was being run from within the package. Once I moved it out, created a specific package (core), and moved the library I wanted the editors to share (ntlib) into that package, everything was hunky-dory.

回答2:

though as long "stuff" is not in your python PATH you got no choice than adding the path.

If you know the level of your script.py from stuff you can do for example:

import sys
import os
sys.path.append(os.path.join(os.path.dirname(__file__), '..', '..'))

回答3:

I'm running Python 3.4.2 on Windows 7 and tore my hair out over this.

When running either of these:

python -m unittest python -m unittest discover

...I would get the 'Attempted relative import beyond toplevel package' error.

For me, the solution was dropping the ".." in my [test_stock.py]. The line was: from ..stock import Stock

Changed it to: from stock import Stock

.. and it works.

Folder structure:

C:\
  |
  +-- stock_alerter
             |
             +-- __init__.py
             +-- stock.py
             |
             \-- tests
                   |
                   +-- __init__.py
                   \-- test_stock.py

回答4:

import ..foo..stuff.mylib should be ok

EDIT took off the extension

回答5:

From the PEP it appears that you cannot use a relative import to import a file that is not packaged.

So you would need to add a __init__.py to stuff and change your imports to something like from .mylib import *

However, the PEP seems to make no allowance to keep mylib packaged up in a module. So you might be required to change how you call your library functions.

Another alternative is to move mylib into a subpackage and import it as from .libpackage import mylib

回答6:

If you're on Linux or perhaps a similar *nix, you can hack this with symlinks.

stuff/
    mylib.py
    foo.py // equivalent of main.py in above
    foo/
        script.py
        mylib.py  ->  ../mylib.py
    foo2/
        script2.py
        mylib.py  ->  ../mylib.py

This is likely not a good pattern to follow.

In my case I opted for it because I had multiple executables dependent on the same library that needed to be put into separate directories.

Implementation of new executable tests shouldn't require the test writer to have a deep understanding of python imports.

tests/
    common/
        commonlib.py
    test1/
        executable1.py
        executable2.py
        commonlib.py -> ../common/commonlib.py
    test2/
        executable1.py
        executable2.py
        commonlib.py -> ../common/commonlib.py

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/4655526/how-to-accomplish-relative-import-in-python