问题
I am trying to calculate exponential moving average on 15 day bars, but want to see "evolution" of the 15 day bar EMA on each (end of) day/bar. So, this means that I have 15 day bars. When new data comes in on a daily basis I would like to recalculate EMA using new information. Actually I have 15 day bars and then, after each day my new 15 day bar starts to grow and each new bar that comes along is supposed to be used for EMA calculation together with previous full 15 day bars.
Lets say we start at 2012-01-01 (we have data for each calender day for this example), at the end of 2012-01-15 we have the first complete 15 day bar. After 4 completed full 15 day bars on 2012-03-01 we can start calculating 4 bar EMA (EMA(x, n=4)). On the end of 2012-03-02 we use information we have until this moment and calculate EMA on 2012-03-02 pretending that OHLC for 2012-03-02 is the 15 day bar in progress. So we take the 4 complete bars and the bar on 2012-03-02 and calculate EMA(x, n=4). We then wait another day, see what happened with the new 15 day bar in progress (see function to.period.cumulative below for details) and calculate new value for EMA... And so for the next 15 days onwards... See function EMA.cumulative below for details...
Below please find what I was able to come up with until now. The performance is not acceptable for me and I can not make it any faster with my limited R knowledge.
library(quantmod)
do.call.rbind <- function(lst) {
while(length(lst) > 1) {
idxlst <- seq(from=1, to=length(lst), by=2)
lst <- lapply(idxlst, function(i) {
if(i==length(lst)) { return(lst[[i]]) }
return(rbind(lst[[i]], lst[[i+1]]))
})
}
lst[[1]]
}
to.period.cumulative <- function(x, name=NULL, period="days", numPeriods=15) {
if(is.null(name))
name <- deparse(substitute(x))
cnames <- c("Open", "High", "Low", "Close")
if (has.Vo(x))
cnames <- c(cnames, "Volume")
cnames <- paste(name, cnames, sep=".")
if (quantmod:::is.OHLCV(x)) {
x <- OHLCV(x)
out <- do.call.rbind(
lapply(split(x, f=period, k=numPeriods),
function(x) cbind(rep(first(x[,1]), NROW(x[,1])),
cummax(x[,2]), cummin(x[,3]), x[,4], cumsum(x[,5]))))
} else if (quantmod:::is.OHLC(x)) {
x <- OHLC(x)
out <- do.call.rbind(
lapply(split(x, f=period, k=numPeriods),
function(x) cbind(rep(first(x[,1]), NROW(x[,1])),
cummax(x[,2]), cummin(x[,3]), x[,4])))
} else {
stop("Object does not have OHLC(V).")
}
colnames(out) <- cnames
return(out)
}
EMA.cumulative<-function(cumulativeBars, nEMA = 4, period="days", numPeriods=15) {
barsEndptCl <- Cl(cumulativeBars[endpoints(cumulativeBars, on=period, k=numPeriods)])
# TODO: This is sloooooooooooooooooow...
outEMA <- do.call.rbind(
lapply(split(Cl(cumulativeBars), period),
function(x) {
previousFullBars <- barsEndptCl[index(barsEndptCl) < last(index(x)), ]
if (NROW(previousFullBars) >= (nEMA - 1)) {
last(EMA(last(rbind(previousFullBars, x), n=(nEMA + 1)), n=nEMA))
} else {
xts(NA, order.by=index(x))
}
}))
colnames(outEMA) <- paste("EMA", nEMA, sep="")
return(outEMA)
}
getSymbols("SPY", from="2010-01-01")
SPY.cumulative <- to.period.cumulative(SPY, , name="SPY")
system.time(
SPY.EMA <- EMA.cumulative(SPY.cumulative)
)
On my system it takes
user system elapsed
4.708 0.000 4.410
Acceptable execution time would be less than one second... Is it possible to achieve this using pure R?
This post is linked to Optimize moving averages calculation - is it possible? where I received no answers. I was now able to create a reproducible example with more detailed explanation of what I want to speed up. I hope the question makes more sense now.
Any ideas on how to speed this up are highly appreciated.
回答1:
I have not find a satisfactory solution for my question using R. So I took the old tool, c language, and results are better than I would have ever expected. Thanks for "pushing" me using this great tools of Rcpp, inline etc. Amazing. I guess, whenever I have performance requirements in the future and can not be met using R I will add C to R and performance is there. So, please see below my code and resolution of the performance issues.
# How to speedup cumulative EMA calculation
#
###############################################################################
library(quantmod)
library(Rcpp)
library(inline)
library(rbenchmark)
do.call.rbind <- function(lst) {
while(length(lst) > 1) {
idxlst <- seq(from=1, to=length(lst), by=2)
lst <- lapply(idxlst, function(i) {
if(i==length(lst)) { return(lst[[i]]) }
return(rbind(lst[[i]], lst[[i+1]]))
})
}
lst[[1]]
}
to.period.cumulative <- function(x, name=NULL, period="days", numPeriods=15) {
if(is.null(name))
name <- deparse(substitute(x))
cnames <- c("Open", "High", "Low", "Close")
if (has.Vo(x))
cnames <- c(cnames, "Volume")
cnames <- paste(name, cnames, sep=".")
if (quantmod:::is.OHLCV(x)) {
x <- quantmod:::OHLCV(x)
out <- do.call.rbind(
lapply(split(x, f=period, k=numPeriods),
function(x) cbind(rep(first(x[,1]), NROW(x[,1])),
cummax(x[,2]), cummin(x[,3]), x[,4], cumsum(x[,5]))))
} else if (quantmod:::is.OHLC(x)) {
x <- OHLC(x)
out <- do.call.rbind(
lapply(split(x, f=period, k=numPeriods),
function(x) cbind(rep(first(x[,1]), NROW(x[,1])),
cummax(x[,2]), cummin(x[,3]), x[,4])))
} else {
stop("Object does not have OHLC(V).")
}
colnames(out) <- cnames
return(out)
}
EMA.cumulative<-function(cumulativeBars, nEMA = 4, period="days", numPeriods=15) {
barsEndptCl <- Cl(cumulativeBars[endpoints(cumulativeBars, on=period, k=numPeriods)])
# TODO: This is sloooooooooooooooooow...
outEMA <- do.call.rbind(
lapply(split(Cl(cumulativeBars), period),
function(x) {
previousFullBars <- barsEndptCl[index(barsEndptCl) < last(index(x)), ]
if (NROW(previousFullBars) >= (nEMA - 1)) {
last(EMA(last(rbind(previousFullBars, x), n=(nEMA + 1)), n=nEMA))
} else {
xts(NA, order.by=index(x))
}
}))
colnames(outEMA) <- paste("EMA", nEMA, sep="")
return(outEMA)
}
EMA.c.c.code <- '
/* Initalize loop and PROTECT counters */
int i, P=0;
/* ensure that cumbars and fullbarsrep is double */
if(TYPEOF(cumbars) != REALSXP) {
PROTECT(cumbars = coerceVector(cumbars, REALSXP)); P++;
}
/* Pointers to function arguments */
double *d_cumbars = REAL(cumbars);
int i_nper = asInteger(nperiod);
int i_n = asInteger(n);
double d_ratio = asReal(ratio);
/* Input object length */
int nr = nrows(cumbars);
/* Initalize result R object */
SEXP result;
PROTECT(result = allocVector(REALSXP,nr)); P++;
double *d_result = REAL(result);
/* Find first non-NA input value */
int beg = i_n*i_nper - 1;
d_result[beg] = 0;
for(i = 0; i <= beg; i++) {
/* Account for leading NAs in input */
if(ISNA(d_cumbars[i])) {
d_result[i] = NA_REAL;
beg++;
d_result[beg] = 0;
continue;
}
/* Set leading NAs in output */
if(i < beg) {
d_result[i] = NA_REAL;
}
/* Raw mean to start EMA - but only on full bars*/
if ((i != 0) && (i%i_nper == (i_nper - 1))) {
d_result[beg] += d_cumbars[i] / i_n;
}
}
/* Loop over non-NA input values */
int i_lookback = 0;
for(i = beg+1; i < nr; i++) {
i_lookback = i%i_nper;
if (i_lookback == 0) {
i_lookback = 1;
}
/*Previous result should be based only on full bars*/
d_result[i] = d_cumbars[i] * d_ratio + d_result[i-i_lookback] * (1-d_ratio);
}
/* UNPROTECT R objects and return result */
UNPROTECT(P);
return(result);
'
EMA.c.c <- cfunction(signature(cumbars="numeric", nperiod="numeric", n="numeric", ratio="numeric"), EMA.c.c.code)
EMA.cumulative.c<-function(cumulativeBars, nEMA = 4, period="days", numPeriods=15) {
ratio <- 2/(nEMA+1)
outEMA <- EMA.c.c(cumbars=Cl(cumulativeBars), nperiod=numPeriods, n=nEMA, ratio=ratio)
outEMA <- reclass(outEMA, Cl(cumulativeBars))
colnames(outEMA) <- paste("EMA", nEMA, sep="")
return(outEMA)
}
getSymbols("SPY", from="2010-01-01")
SPY.cumulative <- to.period.cumulative(SPY, name="SPY")
system.time(
SPY.EMA <- EMA.cumulative(SPY.cumulative)
)
system.time(
SPY.EMA.c <- EMA.cumulative.c(SPY.cumulative)
)
res <- benchmark(EMA.cumulative(SPY.cumulative), EMA.cumulative.c(SPY.cumulative),
columns=c("test", "replications", "elapsed", "relative", "user.self", "sys.self"),
order="relative",
replications=10)
print(res)
EDIT: To give an indication of performance improvement over my cumbersome (I am sure it can be made better, since in effect I have created double for loop) R here is a print out:
> print(res)
test replications elapsed relative user.self
2 EMA.cumulative.c(SPY.cumulative) 10 0.026 1.000 0.024
1 EMA.cumulative(SPY.cumulative) 10 57.732 2220.462 56.755
So, by my standards, a SF type of improvement...
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/8720055/speed-up-wma-weighted-moving-average-calculation