shadowing

There is some python code that works under Linux. It uses the pwd module in a way like that: import pwd ... def func(): user=pwd.getpwnam(user)[2] Now we have a specific need to cover this code with tests, and tests have to be runnable under Windows. The program itself is intended to run only under Linux. The problem is that pwd module is not available under Windows, so the code under test will fail with ImportError, even if the implementation of pwd functions is mocked using MagicMock. The basic idea to solve this issue was to shadow the pwd module when running tests. So when running tests,

quoted from : http://tutorials.jenkov.com/java/nested-classes.html; http://docs.oracle.com/javase/tutorial/java/javaOO/nested.html nested classes: 1.static nested classes: public class Outer{ public class Nested{ } } declare inner class: Outer.Nested instance = new Outer.Nested(); 2.Non-static nested classes（Inner Classes）: public class Outer{ private String text = "I am a string!"; public class Inner{ public void printText() { System.out.println(text); } } } ① declaration;② call the printText() method; Outer outer = new Outer(); Outer.Inner inner = new Outer.Inner(); inner.printText();

I am struggling to understand Variables Shadowed Methods Overriden Concept of inheritance with Java. Case 1: class Car{ public int gearRatio = 8; public String accelerate() { return "Accelerate : Car"; } } class SportsCar extends Car{ public int gearRatio = 9; public String accelerate() { return "Accelerate : SportsCar"; } public static void main(String[] args){ Car c = new SportsCar(); System.out.println( c.gearRatio+" "+c.accelerate() ); } } Output: 8 Accelerate : Sportscar. Case 2: public class TestClass{ public static void main(String args[ ] ){ A o1 = new C( ); B o2 = (B) o1; System.out

This is probably a bad thing to do, as discussed in Can parent and child class in Java have same instance variable? . (What if the parent variable name is changed? Then it will not be shadowed anymore.) However, I am still curious whether variables that are differently static/nonstatic will shadow each other. On one hand I would expect they are the same variable name so would be shadowed, but on the other hand it seems like the compiler might distinguish between the two based on staticness. From The Java Language Specification : If an expression name consists of a single Identifier , then

I know that shadowing members in class implementations can lead to situations where the "wrong" member can get called depending on how I have cast my instances, but with interfaces I don't see that this can be a problem and I find myself writing interfaces like this quite often: public interface INode { IEnumerable<INode> Children { get; } } public interface INode<N> : INode where N : INode<N> { new IEnumerable<N> Children { get; } } public interface IAlpha : INode<IAlpha> { } public interface IBeta : INode<IBeta> { } I have places in my code that only know about INode so children should also