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Does boxing/unboxing occur when a method accepts an out/ref parameter of a ValueType? For ref Keyword Its already mentioned on MSDN that : Do not confuse the concept of passing by reference with the concept of reference types. The two concepts are not the same. A method parameter can be modified by ref regardless of whether it is a value type or a reference type. There is no boxing of a value type when it is passed by reference. As for out keyword: The out keyword causes arguments to be passed by reference . This is like the ref keyword, except that ref requires that the variable be

Consider a function which returns two values. We can write: // Using out: string MyFunction(string input, out int count) // Using Tuple class: Tuple<string, int> MyFunction(string input) // Using struct: MyStruct MyFunction(string input) Which one is best practice and why? They each have their pros and cons. Out parameters are fast and cheap but require that you pass in a variable, and rely upon mutation. It is almost impossible to correctly use an out parameter with LINQ. Tuples make collection pressure and are un-self-documenting. "Item1" is not very descriptive. Custom structs can be slow

I tried this earlier today: public interface IFoo { IEnumerable<int> GetItems_A( ref int somethingElse ); IEnumerable<int> GetItems_B( ref int somethingElse ); } public class Bar : IFoo { public IEnumerable<int> GetItems_A( ref int somethingElse ) { // Ok... } public IEnumerable<int> GetItems_B( ref int somethingElse ) { yield return 7; // CS1623: Iterators cannot have ref or out parameters } } What's the rationale behind this? C# iterators are state machines internally. Every time you yield return something, the place where you left off should be saved along with the state of local variables

I have been working on this basic java program when I need to store 5 user entered values into an array, send it to a method, and find and display the lowest value. The program is simple enough, and it runs, but when I enter the last number, I get the error: Exception in thread "main" java.lang.ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException: 4 at minNumber.main(minNumber:14) Help? import java.util.*; class minNumber { public static void main(String args[]){ Scanner input = new Scanner(System.in); int numberArray[] = new int[4]; int findLowest; for (int i = 0; i <= numberArray.length; i++){ System.out.println(

-vmargs -Xms128M -Xmx512M -XX:PermSize=64M -XX:MaxPermSize=128M 这里有几个问题： 1. 各个参数的含义什么？ 2. 为什么有的机器我将-Xmx和-XX:MaxPermSize都设置为512M之后Eclipse可以启动，而有些机器无法启动？ 3. 为何将上面的参数写入到eclipse.ini文件Eclipse没有执行对应的设置？ 下面我们一一进行回答 1. 各个参数的含义什么？ 参数中-vmargs的意思是设置JVM参数，所以后面的其实都是JVM的参数了，我们首先了解一下JVM内存管理的机制，然后再解释每个参数代表的含义。 堆(Heap)和非堆(Non-heap)内存 按照官方的说法：“Java 虚拟机具有一个堆，堆是运行时数据区域，所有类实例和数组的内存均从此处分配。堆是在 Java 虚拟机启动时创建的。”“在JVM中堆之外的内存称为非堆内存(Non-heap memory)”。可以看出JVM主要管理两种类型的内存：堆和非堆。简单来说堆就是Java代码可及的内存，是留给开发人员使用的；非堆就是JVM留给自己用的，所以方法区、JVM内部处理或优化所需的内存(如JIT编译后的代码缓存)、每个类结构(如运行时常数池、字段和方法数据)以及方法和构造方法的代码都在非堆内存中。 堆内存分配 JVM初始分配的内存由-Xms指定

My Table Structure is: DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `child`; CREATE TABLE `child` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` varchar(255) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `map_parent_child`; CREATE TABLE `map_parent_child` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `parent_id` int(11) NOT NULL, `child_id` int(11) NOT NULL, PRIMARY KEY (`id`), UNIQUE KEY `unique_parent_child` (`parent_id`,`child_id`) ) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1; DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `parent`; CREATE TABLE `parent` ( `id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT, `name` varchar

I want to capture all audio that is played to the user (all sounds together). Currently I'm working on Windows but it would be nice if the code was cross-platform (but not necessarily). Is it possible to do it with OpenAL? How? Code examples would be great. Language: C++ The only way to do this I believe is to create a replacement audio device driver that receives all audio requests, and then forwards them to the original device driver. There are a number of existing applications that work in this way including Freecorder , MP3myMP3 Recorder , SoundTap and Wondershare to name but a few (Google