In Python, what's a good pattern for disabling certain code during unit tests?

问题:

In general I want to disable as little code as possible, and I want it to be explicit: I don't want the code being tested to decide whether it's a test or not, I want the test to tell that code "hey, BTW, I'm running a unit test, can you please not make your call to solr, instead can you please stick what you would send to solr in this spot so I can check it". I have my ideas but I don't like any of them, I am hoping that there's a good pythonic way to do this.

回答1:

Use Michael Foord's Mock in your unit test do this:

from mock import Mock  class Person(object):     def __init__(self, name):         super(Person, self).__init__()         self.name = name      def say(self, str):         print "%s says \"%s\"" % (self.name, str)   ...  #In your unit test.... #create the class as normal person = Person("Bob") #now mock all of person's methods/attributes person = Mock(spec=person) #talkto is some function you are testing talkTo(person) #make sure the Person class's say method was called self.assertTrue(person.say.called, "Person wasn't asked to talk")  #make sure the person said "Hello" args = ("Hello") keywargs = {} self.assertEquals(person.say.call_args, (args, keywargs), "Person did not say hello") 

回答2:

You can use Mock objects to intercept the method calls that you do not want to execute. E.g. You have some class A, where you don't want method no() to be called during a test.

class A:   def do(self):     print('do')   def no(self):     print('no') 

A mock object could inherit from A and override no() to do nothing.

class MockA(A):   def no(self):     pass 

You would then create MockA objects instead of As in your test code. Another way to do mocking would be to have A and MockA implement a common interface say InterfaceA.

There are tons of mocking frameworks available. See StackOverflow: Python mocking frameworks.

In particular see: Google's Python mocking framework.

回答3:

The big problem that I was having was with the mechanics of the dependency injection. I have now figured that part out.

I need to import the module in the exact same way in both places to successfully inject the new code. For example, if I have the following code that I want to disable:

from foo_service.foo import solr solr.add(spam) 

I can't seem to do this in the in my test runner:

from foo import solr solr = mock_object 

The python interpreter must be treating the modules foo_service.foo and foo as different entries. I changed from foo import solr to the more explicit from foo_service.foo import solr and my mock object was successfully injected.

回答4:

Typically when something like this arises you use Monkey Patching (also called Duck Punching) to achieve the desired results. Check out this link to learn more about Monkey Patching.

In this case, for example, you would overwrite solr to just print the output you are looking for.

回答5:

You have two ways to do this is no _{,or minimal in the case of DI,} modifications to your source code

• Dependency injection
• Monkey patching

The cleanest way is using dependency injection, but I don't really like extensive monkeypatching, and there are some things that are non-possible/difficult to do that dependency injection makes easy.

回答6:

I know it's the typical use case for mock objects, but that's also an old argument... are Mock objects necessary at all or are they evil ?

I'm on the side of those who believe mocks are evil and would try to avoid changing tested code at all. I even believe such need to modify tested code is a code smell...

If you wish to change or intercept an internal function call for testing purpose you could also make this function an explicit external dependency set at instanciation time that would be provided both by your production code and test code. If you do that the problem disappear and you end up with a cleaner interface.

Note that doing that there is not need to change the tested code at all neither internally nor by the test being performed.

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