问题
Note: I added a lot of Of interest comments at the end. These are not mean to suggest that one should use inline and static type parameters willy nilly, they are there so that one does not have to spend hours searching lots of SO questions related to this question to better understand these concepts.
I know that when one needs to make a function generic and needs a zero (0) value F# provides GenericZero.
Resolves to the zero value for any primitive numeric type or any type with a static member called Zero.
So this leads me to believe that to use GenericZero with a string type I only have to add a static member called Zero.
Since System.String is part of the .Net framework, modifying the .Net source code is not what should be done. However F# provides Type Extensions.
Type extensions let you add new members to a previously defined object type.
Also F# provides the String module, but that lacks GenericZero.
For a good tutorial on creating type extensions reference: Attaching functions to types.
The code I tested with:
This is in a project called Library1
namespace Extension.Test
module Extensions =
type System.String with
static member Something = "a"
static member StaticProp
with get() = "b"
static member Zero
with get() = "c"
This is in a project called Workspace
namespace Extension.Test
module main =
open Extensions
[<EntryPoint>]
let main argv =
let stringSomething = System.String.Something
printfn "something: %s" stringSomething
let staticProperty = System.String.StaticProp
printfn "staticProperty: %s" staticProperty
let zeroProperty = System.String.Zero
printfn "zeroProperty: %s" zeroProperty
let inline addTest (x : ^a) (y : ^a) : ^a =
x + y
let intAdd = addTest 2 LanguagePrimitives.GenericZero
let floatAdd = addTest 2.0 LanguagePrimitives.GenericZero
// let stringAdd = addTest "a" LanguagePrimitives.GenericZero
printfn "intAdd: %A" intAdd
printfn "floatAdd: %A" floatAdd
// printfn "stringAdd: %A" stringAdd
printf "Press any key to exit: "
System.Console.ReadKey() |> ignore
printfn ""
0 // return an integer exit code
when run outputs:
something: a
staticProperty: b
zeroProperty: c
intAdd: 2
floatAdd: 2.0
Press any key to exit
So I am creating and accessing extension members and using GenericZero without any problems.
The last part is to use GenericZero for a string, however uncommenting the line
let stringAdd = addTest "a" LanguagePrimitives.GenericZero
results in the error:
The type 'string' does not support the operator 'get_Zero'
I did check the F# spec but found nothing of help.
Can I add GenericZero to type System.String, did I do something wrong in the code, or did I miss something in the documentation?
TL;DR
SO questions of interest when searching
F# - How do I extend a type with get_Zero so I can use an existing type generically?
which IMO is a misleading title that should be changed after reading the answers.
What/where is get_Zero in F#'s int?
which has a nice comment from Jack:
Zero doesn't make sense on string if you think of it in terms of numerics; however, it does make sense to have a Zero member on string which returns the empty string, as that would make string a monoid under string concatenation.
F# documentation of interest
Automatic Generalization
The F# compiler, when it performs type inference on a function, determines whether a given parameter can be generic. The compiler examines each parameter and determines whether the function has a dependency on the specific type of that parameter. If it does not, the type is inferred to be generic.
Type Inference
The idea of type inference is that you do not have to specify the types of F# constructs except when the compiler cannot conclusively deduce the type.
For those types that you do not specify explicitly, the compiler infers the type based on the context. If the type is not otherwise specified, it is inferred to be generic.
Generics
F# function values, methods, properties, and aggregate types such as classes, records, and discriminated unions can be generic. Generic constructs contain at least one type parameter, which is usually supplied by the user of the generic construct. Generic functions and types enable you to write code that works with a variety of types without repeating the code for each type. Making your code generic can be simple in F#, because often your code is implicitly inferred to be generic by the compiler's type inference and automatic generalization mechanisms.
Statically Resolved Type Parameters
A statically resolved type parameter is a type parameter that is replaced with an actual type at compile time instead of at run time. They are preceded by a caret (^) symbol.
Statically resolved type parameters are primarily useful in conjunction with member constraints, which are constraints that allow you to specify that a type argument must have a particular member or members in order to be used. There is no way to create this kind of constraint by using a regular generic type parameter.
In the F# language, there are two distinct kinds of type parameters. The first kind is the standard generic type parameter. These are indicated by an apostrophe ('), as in 'T and 'U. They are equivalent to generic type parameters in other .NET Framework languages. The other kind is statically resolved and is indicated by a caret symbol, as in ^T and ^U.
Constraints
Inline Functions
When you use static type parameters, any functions that are parameterized by type parameters must be inline.
EDIT
Here is an example that uses GenericZero for a user defined type without using an extension that works and two variations showing that GenericZero does NOT work for intrinsic extension and optional extension
Run the program first to see GenericZero work then uncomment the lines in Program.fs to see the errors for intrinsic extension and optional extension.
An intrinsic extension is an extension that appears in the same namespace or module, in the same source file, and in the same assembly (DLL or executable file) as the type being extended.
An optional extension is an extension that appears outside the original module, namespace, or assembly of the type being extended. Intrinsic extensions appear on the type when the type is examined by reflection, but optional extensions do not. Optional extensions must be in modules, and they are only in scope when the module that contains the extension is open.
In Library1.fs in project Library1
namespace Extension.Test
module module001 =
// No extension
type MyType01(x: string) =
member this.x = x
override this.ToString() = this.x.ToString()
static member Something = MyType01("a")
static member (+) (mt1 : MyType01, mt2 : MyType01) = MyType01(mt1.x + mt2.x)
static member (+) (mt1 : MyType01, s : string) = MyType01(mt1.x + s)
static member (+) (s : string, mt2 : MyType01) = MyType01(s + mt2.x)
static member Zero
with get() = MyType01("b")
// uses intrinsic extension
type MyType02(x: string) =
member this.x = x
override this.ToString() = this.x.ToString()
static member Something = MyType02("g")
static member (+) (mt1 : MyType02, mt2 : MyType02) = MyType02(mt1.x + mt2.x)
static member (+) (mt1 : MyType02, s : string) = MyType02(mt1.x + s)
static member (+) (s : string, mt2 : MyType02) = MyType02(s + mt2.x)
// static member Zero
// with get() = MyType02("h")
// uses optional extension
type MyType03(x: string) =
member this.x = x
override this.ToString() = this.x.ToString()
static member Something = MyType03("m")
static member (+) (mt1 : MyType03, mt2 : MyType03) = MyType03(mt1.x + mt2.x)
static member (+) (mt1 : MyType03, s : string) = MyType03(mt1.x + s)
static member (+) (s : string, mt2 : MyType03) = MyType03(s + mt2.x)
// static member Zero
// with get() = MyType03("n")
module module002 =
open module001
// intrinsic extension
type MyType02 with
static member Zero
with get() = MyType02("h")
in Library2.fs in project Library2
namespace Extension.Test
open module001
module module003 =
type MyType01 with
static member Anything = MyType02("c")
type MyType02 with
static member Anything = MyType02("i")
// optional extension
type MyType03 with
static member Anything = MyType03("p")
static member Zero
with get() = MyType03("n")
in Program.fs in project Workspace
namespace Workspace
open Extension.Test.module001
open Extension.Test.module002
open Extension.Test.module003
module main =
[<EntryPoint>]
let main argv =
let staticFromBaseType = MyType01.Something
printfn "MyType01 staticFromBaseType: %A" staticFromBaseType
let staticFromExtensionType = MyType01.Anything
printfn "MyType01 staticFromExtensionType: %A" staticFromExtensionType
let zeroValue = MyType01.Zero
printfn "MyType01 zeroValue: %A" zeroValue
let (genericZero: MyType01) = LanguagePrimitives.GenericZero
printfn "MyType01 genericZero: %A" genericZero
let staticFromBaseType = MyType02.Something
printfn "MyType02 staticFromBaseType: %A" staticFromBaseType
let staticFromExtensionType = MyType02.Anything
printfn "MyType02 staticFromExtensionType: %A" staticFromExtensionType
let zeroValue = MyType02.Zero
printfn "MyType02 zeroValue: %A" zeroValue
// let (genericZero: MyType02) = LanguagePrimitives.GenericZero
// printfn "MyType02 genericZero: %A" genericZero
let staticFromBaseType = MyType03.Something
printfn "MyType03 staticFromBaseType: %A" staticFromBaseType
let staticFromExtensionType = MyType03.Anything
printfn "MyType03 staticFromExtensionType: %A" staticFromExtensionType
let zeroValue = MyType03.Zero
printfn "MyType03 zeroValue: %A" zeroValue
// let (genericZero: MyType03) = LanguagePrimitives.GenericZero
// printfn "MyType03 genericZero: %A" genericZero
let inline addTest (x : ^a) (y : ^a) : ^a =
x + y
let intAdd = addTest 2 LanguagePrimitives.GenericZero
let floatAdd = addTest 2.0 LanguagePrimitives.GenericZero
let (myType01Add : MyType01) = addTest (MyType01("d")) LanguagePrimitives.GenericZero
// let (myType02Add : MyType02) = addTest (MyType02("d")) LanguagePrimitives.GenericZero
// let (myType03Add : MyType03) = addTest (MyType03("o")) LanguagePrimitives.GenericZero
printfn "intAdd: %A" intAdd
printfn "floatAdd: %A" floatAdd
printfn "myType01Add: %A" myType01Add
// printfn "myType02Add: %A" myType02Add
// printfn "myType03Add: %A" myType03Add
printf "Press any key to exit: "
System.Console.ReadKey() |> ignore
printfn ""
0 // return an integer exit code
回答1:
Extension members aren't considered as part of member constraint resolution, so you're out of luck. With constraints that involve more than one type (such as the constraint on (+)), you can work around this via the use of a second type, but for the constraint on GenericZero there's no good workaround.
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/37117089/how-to-add-languageprimitives-genericzero-get-zero-to-system-string