REGEX

How to match any character which repeats n times?

Example:

for input: abcdbcdcdd
for n=1:   ..........
for n=2:    .........
for n=3:     .. .....
for n=4:      .  . ..
for n=5:   no matches

After several hours my best is this expression

(\w)(?=(?:.*\1){n-1,}) //where n is variable

which uses lookahead. However the problem with this expression is this:

for input: abcdbcdcdd
for n=1    .......... 
for n=2     ... .. .
for n=3      ..  .
for n=4       .
for n=5    no matches

As you can see, when lookahead matches for a character, let's look for n=4 line, d's lookahead assertion satisfied and first d matched by regex. But remaining d's are not matched because they don't have 3 more d's ahead of them.

I hope I stated the problem clearly. Hoping for your solutions, thanks in advance.

Mariano

let's look for n=4 line, d's lookahead assertion satisfied and first d matched by regex. But remaining d's are not matched because they don't have 3 more d's ahead of them.

And obviously, without regex, this is a very simple string manipulation problem. I'm trying to do this with and only with regex.

As with any regex implementation, the answer depends on the regex flavour. You could create a solution with .net regex engine, because it allows variable width lookbehinds.

Also, I'll provide a more generalized solution below for perl-compatible/like regex flavours.

.net Solution

As @PetSerAl pointed out in his answer, with variable width lookbehinds, we can assert back to the beggining of the string, and check there are n occurrences.
ideone demo

regex module in Python
You can implement this solution in python, using the regex module by Matthew Barnett, which also allows variable-width lookbehinds.

>>> import regex
>>> regex.findall( r'(\w)(?<=(?=(?>.*?\1){2})\A.*)', 'abcdbcdcdd')
['b', 'c', 'd', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'c', 'd', 'd']
>>> regex.findall( r'(\w)(?<=(?=(?>.*?\1){3})\A.*)', 'abcdbcdcdd')
['c', 'd', 'c', 'd', 'c', 'd', 'd']
>>> regex.findall( r'(\w)(?<=(?=(?>.*?\1){4})\A.*)', 'abcdbcdcdd')
['d', 'd', 'd', 'd']
>>> regex.findall( r'(\w)(?<=(?=(?>.*?\1){5})\A.*)', 'abcdbcdcdd')
[]

Generalized Solution

In pcre or any of the "perl-like" flavours, there is no solution that would actually return a match for every repeated character, but we could create one, and only one, capture for each character.

Strategy

For any given n, the logic involves:

Early matches: Match and capture every character followed by at least n more occurences.
Final captures:
- Match and capture a character followed by exactly n-1 occurences, and
- also capture every one of the following occurrences.

Example

for n = 3
input = abcdbcdcdd

The character c is Matched only once (as final), and the following 2 occurrences are also Captured in the same match:

abcdbcdcdd
  M  C C

and the character d is (early) Matched once:

abcdbcdcdd
   M

and (finally) Matched one more time, Capturing the rest:

abcdbcdcdd
      M CC

/(\w)                        # match 1 character
(?:
    (?=(?:.*?\1){≪N≫})     # [1] followed by other ≪N≫ occurrences
  |                          #   OR
    (?=                      # [2] followed by:
        (?:(?!\1).)*(\1)     #      2nd occurence <captured>
        (?:(?!\1).)*(\1)     #      3rd occurence <captured>
        ≪repeat previous≫  #      repeat subpattern (n-1) times
                             #     *exactly (n-1) times*
        (?!.*?\1)            #     not followed by another occurence
    )
)/xg

For n =

/(\w)(?:(?=(?:.*?\1){2})|(?=(?:(?!\1).)*(\1)(?!.*?\1)))/g
demo
/(\w)(?:(?=(?:.*?\1){3})|(?=(?:(?!\1).)*(\1)(?:(?!\1).)*(\1)(?!.*?\1)))/g
demo
/(\w)(?:(?=(?:.*?\1){4})|(?=(?:(?!\1).)*(\1)(?:(?!\1).)*(\1)(?:(?!\1).)*(\1)(?!.*?\1)))/g
demo
... etc.

Pseudocode to generate the pattern

// Variables: N (int)

character = "(\w)"
early_match = "(?=(?:.*?\1){" + N + "})"

final_match = "(?="
for i = 1; i < N; i++
    final_match += "(?:(?!\1).)*(\1)"
final_match += "(?!.*?\1))"

pattern = character + "(?:" + early_match + "|" + final_match + ")"

JavaScript Code

I'll show an implementation using javascript because we can check the result here (and if it works in javascript, it works in any perl-compatible regex flavour, including .net, java, python, ruby, perl, and all languages that implemented pcre, among others).

var str = 'abcdbcdcdd';
var pattern, re, match, N, i;
var output = "";

// We'll show the results for N = 2, 3 and 4
for (N = 2; N <= 4; N++) {
    // Generate pattern
    pattern = "(\\w)(?:(?=(?:.*?\\1){" + N + "})|(?=";
    for (i = 1; i < N; i++) {
        pattern += "(?:(?!\\1).)*(\\1)";
    }
    pattern += "(?!.*?\\1)))";
    re = new RegExp(pattern, "g");
    
    output += "<h3>N = " + N + "</h3><pre>Pattern: " + pattern + "\nText: " + str;
    
    // Loop all matches
    while ((match = re.exec(str)) !== null) {
        output += "\nPos: " + match.index + "\tMatch:";
        // Loop all captures
        x = 1;
        while (match[x] != null) {
            output += " " + match[x];
            x++;
        }
    }
    
    output += "</pre>";
}

document.write(output);

Python3 code

As requested by the OP, I'm linking to a Python3 implementation in ideone.com

Regular expressions (and finite automata) are not able to count to arbitrary integers. They can only count to a predefined integer and fortunately this is your case.

Solving this problem is much easier if we first construct a nondeterministic finite automata (NFA) ad then convert it to regular expression.

So the following automata for n=2 and input alphabet = {a,b,c,d}

will match any string that has exactly 2 repetitions of any char. If no character has 2 repetitions (all chars appear less or more that two times) the string will not match.

Converting it to regex should look like

"^([^a]*a[^a]*a[^a]*)|([^b]*b[^b]*b[^b]*)|([^b]*c[^c]*c[^C]*)|([^d]*d[^d]*d[^d]*)$"

This can get problematic if the input alphabet is big, so that regex should be shortened somehow, but I can't think of it right now.

With .NET regular expressions you can do following:

(\w)(?<=(?=(?:.*\1){n})^.*) where n is variable

Where:

(\w) — any character, captured in first group.
(?<=^.*) — lookbehind assertion, which return us to the start of the string.
(?=(?:.*\1){n}) — lookahead assertion, to see if string have n instances of that character.

Demo

I would not use regular expressions for this. I would use a scripting language such as python. Try out this python function:

alpha = 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz'
def get_matched_chars(n, s):
    s = s.lower()
    return [char for char in alpha if s.count(char) == n]

The function will return a list of characters, all of which appear in the string s exactly n times. Keep in mind that I only included letters in my alphabet. You can change alpha to represent anything that you want to get matched.

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/33181434/regex-matching-any-character-which-repeats-n-times

标签

regex

repeat

lookahead