问题
I have a problem in text matching when I tokenize text that splits specific words, dates and numbers. How can I prevent some phrases like "run in my family" ,"30 minute walk" or "4x a day" from splitting at the time of tokenizing words in NLTK?
They should not result in:
['runs','in','my','family','4x','a','day']
For example:
Yes 20-30 minutes a day on my bike, it works great!!
gives:
['yes','20-30','minutes','a','day','on','my','bike',',','it','works','great']
I want '20-30 minutes' to be treated as a single word. How can I get this behavior>?
回答1:
You will be hard pressed to preserve n-grams of various length at the same time as tokenizing, to my knowledge, but you can find these n-grams as shown here. Then, you could replace the items in the corpus you want as n-grams with some joining character like dashes.
This is an example solution, but there are probably lots of ways to get there. Important note: I provided a way to find ngrams that are common in the text (you will probably want more than 1, so I put a variable there so that you can decide how many of the ngrams to collect. You might want a different number for each kind, but I only gave 1 variable for now.) This may miss ngrams you find important. For that, you can add ones you want to find to user_grams. Those will get added to the search.
import nltk
#an example corpus
corpus='''A big tantrum runs in my family 4x a day, every week.
A big tantrum is lame. A big tantrum causes strife. It runs in my family
because of our complicated history. Every week is a lot though. Every week
I dread the tantrum. Every week...Here is another ngram I like a lot'''.lower()
#tokenize the corpus
corpus_tokens = nltk.word_tokenize(corpus)
#create ngrams from n=2 to 5
bigrams = list(nltk.ngrams(corpus_tokens,2))
trigrams = list(nltk.ngrams(corpus_tokens,3))
fourgrams = list(nltk.ngrams(corpus_tokens,4))
fivegrams = list(nltk.ngrams(corpus_tokens,5))
This section finds common ngrams up to five_grams.
#if you change this to zero you will only get the user chosen ngrams
n_most_common=1 #how many of the most common n-grams do you want.
fdist_bigrams = nltk.FreqDist(bigrams).most_common(n_most_common) #n most common bigrams
fdist_trigrams = nltk.FreqDist(trigrams).most_common(n_most_common) #n most common trigrams
fdist_fourgrams = nltk.FreqDist(fourgrams).most_common(n_most_common) #n most common four grams
fdist_fivegrams = nltk.FreqDist(fivegrams).most_common(n_most_common) #n most common five grams
#concat the ngrams together
fdist_bigrams=[x[0][0]+' '+x[0][1] for x in fdist_bigrams]
fdist_trigrams=[x[0][0]+' '+x[0][1]+' '+x[0][2] for x in fdist_trigrams]
fdist_fourgrams=[x[0][0]+' '+x[0][1]+' '+x[0][2]+' '+x[0][3] for x in fdist_fourgrams]
fdist_fivegrams=[x[0][0]+' '+x[0][1]+' '+x[0][2]+' '+x[0][3]+' '+x[0][4] for x in fdist_fivegrams]
#next 4 lines create a single list with important ngrams
n_grams=fdist_bigrams
n_grams.extend(fdist_trigrams)
n_grams.extend(fdist_fourgrams)
n_grams.extend(fdist_fivegrams)
This section lets you add your own ngrams to a list
#Another option here would be to make your own list of the ones you want
#in this example I add some user ngrams to the ones found above
user_grams=['ngram1 I like', 'ngram 2', 'another ngram I like a lot']
user_grams=[x.lower() for x in user_grams]
n_grams.extend(user_grams)
And this last part performs the processing so that you can tokenize again and get the ngrams as tokens.
#initialize the corpus that will have combined ngrams
corpus_ngrams=corpus
#here we go through the ngrams we found and replace them in the corpus with
#version connected with dashes. That way we can find them when we tokenize.
for gram in n_grams:
gram_r=gram.replace(' ','-')
corpus_ngrams=corpus_ngrams.replace(gram, gram.replace(' ','-'))
#retokenize the new corpus so we can find the ngrams
corpus_ngrams_tokens= nltk.word_tokenize(corpus_ngrams)
print(corpus_ngrams_tokens)
Out: ['a-big-tantrum', 'runs-in-my-family', '4x', 'a', 'day', ',', 'every-week', '.', 'a-big-tantrum', 'is', 'lame', '.', 'a-big-tantrum', 'causes', 'strife', '.', 'it', 'runs-in-my-family', 'because', 'of', 'our', 'complicated', 'history', '.', 'every-week', 'is', 'a', 'lot', 'though', '.', 'every-week', 'i', 'dread', 'the', 'tantrum', '.', 'every-week', '...']
I think this is actually a very good question.
回答2:
You can use the MWETokenizer:
from nltk import word_tokenize
from nltk.tokenize import MWETokenizer
tokenizer = MWETokenizer([('20', '-', '30', 'minutes', 'a', 'day')])
tokenizer.tokenize(word_tokenize('Yes 20-30 minutes a day on my bike, it works great!!'))
[out]:
['Yes', '20-30_minutes_a_day', 'on', 'my', 'bike', ',', 'it', 'works', 'great', '!', '!']
A more principled approach since you don't know how `word_tokenize will split the words you want to keep:
from nltk import word_tokenize
from nltk.tokenize import MWETokenizer
def multiword_tokenize(text, mwe):
# Initialize the MWETokenizer
protected_tuples = [word_tokenize(word) for word in mwe]
protected_tuples_underscore = ['_'.join(word) for word in protected_tuples]
tokenizer = MWETokenizer(protected_tuples)
# Tokenize the text.
tokenized_text = tokenizer.tokenize(word_tokenize(text))
# Replace the underscored protected words with the original MWE
for i, token in enumerate(tokenized_text):
if token in protected_tuples_underscore:
tokenized_text[i] = mwe[protected_tuples_underscore.index(token)]
return tokenized_text
mwe = ['20-30 minutes a day', '!!']
print(multiword_tokenize('Yes 20-30 minutes a day on my bike, it works great!!', mwe))
[out]:
['Yes', '20-30 minutes a day', 'on', 'my', 'bike', ',', 'it', 'works', 'great', '!!']
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/55619297/how-to-prevent-splitting-specific-words-or-phrases-and-numbers-in-nltk