问题
I have a series of x and y coordinates that each have a distance attached to them. I would like to create a heat map that displays the average distance for every point within the x and y ranges as a heat map. Since the points are not spaced evenly from each other in a lattice-like shape, the method would require some kind of smoothing function that clusters data and calculates the average for each point the vicinity and then representing that average with a color.
So far, using ggplot2, I can only find methods like stat_density2d and geom_tile, which only work for displaying point density and representing evenly spaced points (as far as I can tell).
Ideally it would follow the same principle as this image:
in which colors were assigned based on the given points in the vicinity even though the density and placement of the points was not uniform.
I do not want to create a heat map in matrix form like this image:
in which a table is color-coded. Instead, I would like to create a continuous heat map using non-uniformly distributed x and y coordinates that, in effect, displays the limit in which the data is broken into infinitely many rectangles. This may not be the actual method used by the function, but it provides a general idea as to what I'm looking for.
Here is some sample data:
data=data.frame(x=c(1,1,2,2,3,4,5,6,7,7,8,9),
y=c(2,4,5,1,3,8,4,8,1,1,6,9),
distance=c(66,84,93,76,104,29,70,19,60,50,46,36))
How can I make a heat map with distance as the color scale that covers the entire range of numbers, like the plot in the first link provided?
Any help is greatly appreciated!
回答1:
In order to generate a continuous map with irregularly-spaced coordinates you need first to intrapolate a regular grid (here using function interp of package akima):
require(akima)
data <- data.frame(x=c(1,1,2,2,3,4,5,6,7,7,8,9),
y=c(2,4,5,1,3,8,4,8,1,1,6,9),
distance=c(66,84,93,76,104,29,70,19,60,50,46,36))
resolution <- 0.1 # you can increase the resolution by decreasing this number (warning: the resulting dataframe size increase very quickly)
a <- interp(x=data$x, y=data$y, z=data$distance,
xo=seq(min(data$x),max(data$x),by=resolution),
yo=seq(min(data$y),max(data$y),by=resolution), duplicate="mean")
image(a) #you can of course modify the color palette and the color categories. See ?image for more explanation
Or you can use, for the plotting itself, function filled.contour:
filled.contour(a, color.palette=heat.colors)
回答2:
There is a user-written function here that produces heatmaps using ggplot2:
http://www.r-bloggers.com/ggheat-a-ggplot2-style-heatmap-function/
And their example image:
If what you want is a topo map as in your example, there are plenty of tools for that (just search under "topo map".
And finally, there's the isarithmic map, which just goes to show that you need to make clear exactly what you want done if you want some smoothing incorporated: http://dsparks.wordpress.com/2011/10/24/isarithmic-maps-of-public-opinion-data/
回答3:
ggplot2::ggfluctuation(data, type="colour")
I can't give out all this data but the head is below in the dput structure.
structure(list(X1 = 236:241, HomeTeam = structure(c(8L, 19L,
37L, 4L, 6L, 15L), .Label = c("Arizona Cardinals", "Atlanta Falcons",
"Baltimore Ravens", "Buffalo Bills", "Carolina Panthers", "Chicago Bears",
"Cincinnati Bengals", "Cleveland Browns", "Dallas Cowboys", "Denver Broncos",
"Detroit Lions", "Green Bay Packers", "Houston Oilers", "Houston Texans",
"Indianapolis Colts", "Jacksonville Jaguars", "Kansas City Chiefs",
"Los Angeles Raiders", "Los Angeles Rams", "Miami Dolphins",
"Minnesota Vikings", "New England Patriots", "New Orleans Saints",
"New York Giants", "New York Jets", "Oakland Raiders", "Philadelphia Eagles",
"Phoenix Cardinals", "Pittsburgh Steelers", "San Diego Chargers",
"San Francisco 49ers", "Seattle Seahawks", "St. Louis Rams",
"Tampa Bay Buccaneers", "Tennessee Oilers", "Tennessee Titans",
"Washington Redskins"), class = "factor"), AwayTeam = structure(c(9L,
28L, 11L, 20L, 21L, 22L), .Label = c("Arizona Cardinals", "Atlanta Falcons",
"Baltimore Ravens", "Buffalo Bills", "Carolina Panthers", "Chicago Bears",
"Cincinnati Bengals", "Cleveland Browns", "Dallas Cowboys", "Denver Broncos",
"Detroit Lions", "Green Bay Packers", "Houston Oilers", "Houston Texans",
"Indianapolis Colts", "Jacksonville Jaguars", "Kansas City Chiefs",
"Los Angeles Raiders", "Los Angeles Rams", "Miami Dolphins",
"Minnesota Vikings", "New England Patriots", "New Orleans Saints",
"New York Giants", "New York Jets", "Oakland Raiders", "Philadelphia Eagles",
"Phoenix Cardinals", "Pittsburgh Steelers", "San Diego Chargers",
"San Francisco 49ers", "Seattle Seahawks", "St. Louis Rams",
"Tampa Bay Buccaneers", "Tennessee Oilers", "Tennessee Titans",
"Washington Redskins"), class = "factor"), Date = structure(c(45L,
45L, 45L, 45L, 45L, 45L), .Label = c("1990-09-09", "1990-09-10",
"1990-09-16", "1990-09-17", "1990-09-23", "1990-09-24", "1990-09-30",
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"2009-11-22", "2009-11-23", "2009-11-26", "2009-11-29", "2009-11-30",
"2009-12-03", "2009-12-06", "2009-12-07", "2009-12-10", "2009-12-13",
"2009-12-14", "2009-12-17", "2009-12-19", "2009-12-20", "2009-12-21",
"2009-12-25", "2009-12-27", "2009-12-28", "2010-01-03", "2010-01-09",
"2010-01-10", "2010-01-16", "2010-01-17", "2010-01-24", "2010-02-07",
"2010-09-09", "2010-09-12", "2010-09-13", "2010-09-19", "2010-09-20",
"2010-09-26", "2010-09-27", "2010-10-03", "2010-10-04", "2010-10-10",
"2010-10-11", "2010-10-17", "2010-10-18", "2010-10-24", "2010-10-25",
"2010-10-31", "2010-11-01", "2010-11-07", "2010-11-08", "2010-11-11",
"2010-11-14", "2010-11-15", "2010-11-18", "2010-11-21", "2010-11-22",
"2010-11-25", "2010-11-28", "2010-11-29", "2010-12-02", "2010-12-05",
"2010-12-06", "2010-12-09", "2010-12-12", "2010-12-13", "2010-12-16",
"2010-12-19", "2010-12-20", "2010-12-23", "2010-12-25", "2010-12-26",
"2010-12-27", "2010-12-28", "2011-01-02", "2011-01-08", "2011-01-09",
"2011-01-15", "2011-01-16", "2011-01-23", "2011-02-06"), class = "factor"),
Season = c(1991, 1991, 1991, 1991, 1991, 1991), HomeRecord = structure(c(1L,
1L, 17L, 17L, 17L, 1L), .Label = c("(0-1-0)", "(0-10-0)",
"(0-11-0)", "(0-12-0)", "(0-13-0)", "(0-14-0)", "(0-15-0)",
"(0-16-0)", "(0-2-0)", "(0-3-0)", "(0-4-0)", "(0-5-0)", "(0-6-0)",
"(0-7-0)", "(0-8-0)", "(0-9-0)", "(1-0-0)", "(1-1-0)", "(1-10-0)",
"(1-10-1)", "(1-11-0)", "(1-11-1)", "(1-12-0)", "(1-13-0)",
"(1-14-0)", "(1-15-0)", "(1-2-0)", "(1-3-0)", "(1-4-0)",
"(1-5-0)", "(1-6-0)", "(1-7-0)", "(1-8-0)", "(1-8-1)", "(1-9-0)",
"(1-9-1)", "(10-0-0)", "(10-1-0)", "(10-2-0)", "(10-3-0)",
"(10-4-0)", "(10-5-0)", "(10-5-1)", "(10-6-0)", "(10-6-1)",
"(10-7-0)", "(10-7-1)", "(10-8-0)", "(11-0-0)", "(11-1-0)",
"(11-2-0)", "(11-3-0)", "(11-4-0)", "(11-5-0)", "(11-5-1)",
"(11-6-0)", "(11-6-1)", "(11-7-0)", "(11-7-1)", "(11-8-0)",
"(12-0-0)", "(12-1-0)", "(12-2-0)", "(12-3-0)", "(12-4-0)",
"(12-5-0)", "(12-6-0)", "(12-7-0)", "(12-8-0)", "(13-0-0)",
"(13-1-0)", "(13-2-0)", "(13-3-0)", "(13-4-0)", "(13-5-0)",
"(13-6-0)", "(14-0-0)", "(14-1-0)", "(14-2-0)", "(14-3-0)",
"(14-4-0)", "(14-5-0)", "(14-6-0)", "(15-0-0)", "(15-1-0)",
"(15-2-0)", "(15-3-0)", "(15-4-0)", "(15-5-0)", "(16-0-0)",
"(16-1-0)", "(16-2-0)", "(16-3-0)", "(16-4-0)", "(17-0-0)",
"(17-2-0)", "(18-0-0)", "(18-1-0)", "(2-0-0)", "(2-1-0)",
"(2-10-0)", "(2-11-0)", "(2-11-1)", "(2-12-0)", "(2-13-0)",
"(2-14-0)", "(2-2-0)", "(2-3-0)", "(2-4-0)", "(2-5-0)", "(2-6-0)",
"(2-7-0)", "(2-8-0)", "(2-9-0)", "(3-0-0)", "(3-1-0)", "(3-10-0)",
"(3-11-0)", "(3-11-1)", "(3-12-0)", "(3-13-0)", "(3-2-0)",
"(3-3-0)", "(3-4-0)", "(3-5-0)", "(3-6-0)", "(3-7-0)", "(3-8-0)",
"(3-9-0)", "(4-0-0)", "(4-1-0)", "(4-10-0)", "(4-11-0)",
"(4-11-1)", "(4-12-0)", "(4-2-0)", "(4-3-0)", "(4-4-0)",
"(4-5-0)", "(4-6-0)", "(4-6-1)", "(4-7-0)", "(4-7-1)", "(4-8-0)",
"(4-8-1)", "(4-9-0)", "(5-0-0)", "(5-1-0)", "(5-10-0)", "(5-11-0)",
"(5-2-0)", "(5-3-0)", "(5-3-1)", "(5-4-0)", "(5-4-1)", "(5-5-0)",
"(5-5-1)", "(5-6-0)", "(5-6-1)", "(5-7-0)", "(5-8-0)", "(5-8-1)",
"(5-9-0)", "(6-0-0)", "(6-1-0)", "(6-10-0)", "(6-2-0)", "(6-3-0)",
"(6-3-1)", "(6-4-0)", "(6-4-1)", "(6-5-0)", "(6-5-1)", "(6-6-0)",
"(6-6-1)", "(6-7-0)", "(6-7-1)", "(6-8-0)", "(6-8-1)", "(6-9-0)",
"(6-9-1)", "(7-0-0)", "(7-1-0)", "(7-2-0)", "(7-3-0)", "(7-3-1)",
"(7-4-0)", "(7-4-1)", "(7-5-0)", "(7-5-1)", "(7-6-0)", "(7-6-1)",
"(7-7-0)", "(7-7-1)", "(7-8-0)", "(7-9-0)", "(8-0-0)", "(8-1-0)",
"(8-10-0)", "(8-2-0)", "(8-3-0)", "(8-3-1)", "(8-4-0)", "(8-4-1)",
"(8-5-0)", "(8-5-1)", "(8-6-0)", "(8-6-1)", "(8-7-0)", "(8-7-1)",
"(8-8-0)", "(8-9-0)", "(9-0-0)", "(9-1-0)", "(9-2-0)", "(9-3-0)",
"(9-4-0)", "(9-5-0)", "(9-5-1)", "(9-6-0)", "(9-6-1)", "(9-7-0)",
"(9-8-0)", "(9-9-0)"), class = "factor"), AwayRecord = structure(c(17L,
17L, 1L, 1L, 1L, 17L), .Label = c("(0-1-0)", "(0-10-0)",
"(0-11-0)", "(0-12-0)", "(0-13-0)", "(0-14-0)", "(0-15-0)",
"(0-16-0)", "(0-2-0)", "(0-3-0)", "(0-4-0)", "(0-5-0)", "(0-6-0)",
"(0-7-0)", "(0-8-0)", "(0-9-0)", "(1-0-0)", "(1-1-0)", "(1-10-0)",
"(1-10-1)", "(1-11-0)", "(1-11-1)", "(1-12-0)", "(1-13-0)",
"(1-14-0)", "(1-15-0)", "(1-2-0)", "(1-3-0)", "(1-4-0)",
"(1-5-0)", "(1-6-0)", "(1-7-0)", "(1-8-0)", "(1-8-1)", "(1-9-0)",
"(1-9-1)", "(10-0-0)", "(10-1-0)", "(10-2-0)", "(10-3-0)",
"(10-4-0)", "(10-5-0)", "(10-5-1)", "(10-6-0)", "(10-6-1)",
"(10-7-0)", "(10-7-1)", "(10-8-0)", "(11-0-0)", "(11-1-0)",
"(11-2-0)", "(11-3-0)", "(11-4-0)", "(11-5-0)", "(11-5-1)",
"(11-6-0)", "(11-6-1)", "(11-7-0)", "(11-7-1)", "(11-8-0)",
"(12-0-0)", "(12-1-0)", "(12-2-0)", "(12-3-0)", "(12-4-0)",
"(12-5-0)", "(12-6-0)", "(12-7-0)", "(12-8-0)", "(13-0-0)",
"(13-1-0)", "(13-2-0)", "(13-3-0)", "(13-4-0)", "(13-5-0)",
"(13-6-0)", "(14-0-0)", "(14-1-0)", "(14-2-0)", "(14-3-0)",
"(14-4-0)", "(14-5-0)", "(14-6-0)", "(15-0-0)", "(15-1-0)",
"(15-2-0)", "(15-3-0)", "(15-4-0)", "(15-5-0)", "(16-0-0)",
"(16-1-0)", "(16-2-0)", "(16-3-0)", "(16-4-0)", "(17-0-0)",
"(17-2-0)", "(18-0-0)", "(18-1-0)", "(2-0-0)", "(2-1-0)",
"(2-10-0)", "(2-11-0)", "(2-11-1)", "(2-12-0)", "(2-13-0)",
"(2-14-0)", "(2-2-0)", "(2-3-0)", "(2-4-0)", "(2-5-0)", "(2-6-0)",
"(2-7-0)", "(2-8-0)", "(2-9-0)", "(3-0-0)", "(3-1-0)", "(3-10-0)",
"(3-11-0)", "(3-11-1)", "(3-12-0)", "(3-13-0)", "(3-2-0)",
"(3-3-0)", "(3-4-0)", "(3-5-0)", "(3-6-0)", "(3-7-0)", "(3-8-0)",
"(3-9-0)", "(4-0-0)", "(4-1-0)", "(4-10-0)", "(4-11-0)",
"(4-11-1)", "(4-12-0)", "(4-2-0)", "(4-3-0)", "(4-4-0)",
"(4-5-0)", "(4-6-0)", "(4-6-1)", "(4-7-0)", "(4-7-1)", "(4-8-0)",
"(4-8-1)", "(4-9-0)", "(5-0-0)", "(5-1-0)", "(5-10-0)", "(5-11-0)",
"(5-2-0)", "(5-3-0)", "(5-3-1)", "(5-4-0)", "(5-4-1)", "(5-5-0)",
"(5-5-1)", "(5-6-0)", "(5-6-1)", "(5-7-0)", "(5-8-0)", "(5-8-1)",
"(5-9-0)", "(6-0-0)", "(6-1-0)", "(6-10-0)", "(6-2-0)", "(6-3-0)",
"(6-3-1)", "(6-4-0)", "(6-4-1)", "(6-5-0)", "(6-5-1)", "(6-6-0)",
"(6-6-1)", "(6-7-0)", "(6-7-1)", "(6-8-0)", "(6-8-1)", "(6-9-0)",
"(6-9-1)", "(7-0-0)", "(7-1-0)", "(7-2-0)", "(7-3-0)", "(7-3-1)",
"(7-4-0)", "(7-4-1)", "(7-5-0)", "(7-5-1)", "(7-6-0)", "(7-6-1)",
"(7-7-0)", "(7-7-1)", "(7-8-0)", "(7-9-0)", "(8-0-0)", "(8-1-0)",
"(8-10-0)", "(8-2-0)", "(8-3-0)", "(8-3-1)", "(8-4-0)", "(8-4-1)",
"(8-5-0)", "(8-5-1)", "(8-6-0)", "(8-6-1)", "(8-7-0)", "(8-7-1)",
"(8-8-0)", "(8-9-0)", "(9-0-0)", "(9-1-0)", "(9-2-0)", "(9-3-0)",
"(9-4-0)", "(9-5-0)", "(9-5-1)", "(9-6-0)", "(9-6-1)", "(9-7-0)",
"(9-8-0)", "(9-9-0)"), class = "factor"), HomeFinal = c(14L,
14L, 45L, 35L, 10L, 7L), AwayFinal = c(26L, 24L, 0L, 31L,
6L, 16L), HomeLast = c(4, 4, 5, 5, 0, 7), AwayLast = c(6,
4, 0, 1, 6, 6), Winner = c("Away", "Away", "Home", "Home",
"Home", "Away")), .Names = c("X1", "HomeTeam", "AwayTeam",
"Date", "Season", "HomeRecord", "AwayRecord", "HomeFinal", "AwayFinal",
"HomeLast", "AwayLast", "Winner"), row.names = c(NA, 6L), class = "data.frame")
Then you would do.
ggfluctuation(table(gamesWide$HomeLast, gamesWide$AwayLast), type="colour") + labs(x="Away", y="Home") + opts(title="Distribution of Last Digit of Score")
To get
Of course, that image was generated using the full dataset. This should be further extensible to data that isn't so symmetric and rectangular.
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/11531059/creating-a-continuous-heat-map-in-r