How do I find all solutions to a goal in Prolog?

问题

I have predicate P1 that returns values one after the other like this:

-? P1(ARGUMENTS, RETURN).
-? RETURN = 1;
-? RETURN = 2;
-? RETURN = 3;
-? fail.

I also have another predicate called P2:

P2(ARGUMENTS, LIST) :- P1(ARGUMENTS, RETURN),... % SOMEHOW HERE I NEED TO INSERT ALL VALUES OF RETURN TO LIST.

How do find all of the values of RETURN and assign them to LIST?

回答1:

Use findall to accomplish this:

P2(ARGUMENTS, LIST) :- findall(X, P1(ARGUMENTS, X), LIST).

This is related to the bagof function mentioned in the question linked to by Anders Lindahl. There is a good explanation on the relationship between the two functions (and a third function setof) here:

To illustrate the differences consider a little example:

listing(p).

p(1,3,5).
p(2,4,1).
p(3,5,2).
p(4,3,1).
p(5,2,4).

Try the following goals. (The answer displays have been modified to save space.)

?- bagof(Z,p(X,Y,Z),Bag).
Z = _G182 X = 1 Y = 3 Bag = [5] ;
Z = _G182 X = 2 Y = 4 Bag = [1] ;
Z = _G182 X = 3 Y = 5 Bag = [2] ;
Z = _G182 X = 4 Y = 3 Bag = [1] ;
Z = _G182 X = 5 Y = 2 Bag = [4] ;
No

?- findall(Z,p(X,Y,Z),Bag).
Z = _G182 X = _G180 Y = _G181 Bag = [5, 1, 2, 1, 4] ;
No

?- bagof(Z,X^Y^p(X,Y,Z),Bag).
Z = _G182 X = _G180 Y = _G181 Bag = [5, 1, 2, 1, 4] ;
No

?- setof(Z,X^Y^p(X,Y,Z),Bag).
Z = _G182 X = _G180 Y = _G181 Bag = [1, 2, 4, 5] ;
No

The predicates bagof and setof yield collections for individual bindings of the free variables in the goal. setof yields a sorted version of the collection without duplicates. To avoid binding variables, use an existential quantifier expression. For example the goal bagof(Z,X^Y^p(X,Y,Z),Bag) asks for "the Bag of Z's such that there exists an X and there exists a Y such that p(X,Y,Z)". findall acts like bagof with all free variables automatically existentially quantified. In addition findall returns an empty list [] there is no goal satisfaction, whereas bagof fails.

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/1468150/how-do-i-find-all-solutions-to-a-goal-in-prolog