What is the difference between <NA> and NA?

问题

I have a factor named SMOKE with levels "Y" and "N". Missing values were replaced with NA (from the initial level "NULL"). However when I view the factor I get something like this:

head(SMOKE)
N N <NA> Y Y N
Levels: Y N

Why is R displaying NA as <NA>? And is there a difference?

回答1:

When you are dealing with factors, when the NA is wrapped in angled brackets ( <NA> ), that indicates thtat it is in fact NA.

When it is NA without brackets, then it is not NA, but rather a proper factor whose label is "NA"

# Note a 'real' NA and a string with the word "NA"
x <- factor(c("hello", NA, "world", "NA"))

x
[1] hello <NA>  world NA   
Levels: hello NA world      <~~ The string appears as a level, the actual NA does not. 

as.numeric(x)              
[1]  1 NA  3  2            <~~ The string has a numeric value (here, 2, alphabetically)
                               The NA's numeric value is just NA

---

Edit to answer @Arun's question:

R is simply trying to distinguish between a string whose value are the two letters "NA" and an actual missing value, NA Thus the difference you see when displaying df versus df$y. Example:

df <- data.frame(x=1:4, y=c("a", NA_character_, "c", "NA"), stringsAsFactors=FALSE)

Note the two different styles of NA:

> df
  x    y
1 1    a
2 2 <NA>
3 3    c
4 4   NA

However, if we look at just 'df$y'

[1] "a"  NA   "c"  "NA"

But, if we remove the quotation marks (similar to what we see when printing a data.frame to the console):

print(df$y, quote=FALSE)
[1] a    <NA> c    NA  

And thus, we once again have the distinction of NA via the angled brackets.

回答2:

It is just the way that R displays NA in a factor:

> as.factor(NA)
[1] <NA>
Levels: 
> 
> f <- factor(c(1:3, NA))
> levels(f)
[1] "1" "2" "3"
> f
[1] 1    2    3    <NA>
Levels: 1 2 3
> is.na(f)
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE  TRUE

One presumes this is a means by which one would differentiate between NA and "NA" in the way a factor is printed as it prints without the quotes, even for character labels/levels:

> f2 <- factor(c("NA",NA))
> f2
[1] NA   <NA>
Levels: NA
> is.na(f2)
[1] FALSE  TRUE

回答3:

Perhaps one exception might be data.table. There it seems that a character field prints it as < NA >, while a numeric one as NA. NB: I added extra spaces in < NA >, otherwise this webpage did not show it properly.

library("data.table")

y<-data.table(a=c("a","b",NA))

print(y)
      a
1:    a
2:    b
3: < NA >

factor(y$a)

[1] a    b    < NA >

Levels: a b

## we enter a numeric argument

y<-data.table(a=c(1,2,NA))

print(y)
    a
1:  1
2:  2
3: NA

factor(y$a)

[1] 1    2    < NA >

Levels: 1 2

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16253789/what-is-the-difference-between-na-and-na