What is the difference between no-cache and no-store in Cache-control?

Question

I don't find get the practical difference between Cache-Control:no-store and Cache-Control:no-cache.

As far as I know, no-store means that no cache device is allowed to cache that response. In the other hand, no-cache means that no cache device is allowed to serve a cached response without validate it first with the source. But what is that validation about? Conditional get?

What if a response has no-cache, but it has no Last-Modified or ETag?

Regards.

Answer 1

But what is that check about?

Exactly checking Last-Modified or ETag. Client would ask server if it has new version of data using those headers and if the answer is no it will serve cached data.

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Update

From RFC

no-cache
    If the no-cache directive does not specify a field-name, then a cache MUST NOT use
 the response to satisfy a subsequent request without successful revalidation with the
 origin server. This allows an origin server to prevent caching even by caches that   
 have been configured to return stale responses to client requests. 

Answer 2

See the below flow chart for better understanding

Ref: (https://developers.google.com/web/fundamentals/performance/optimizing-content-efficiency/http-caching?hl=en#cache-control)

Answer 3

As you identified, no-cache doesn't mean there is never caching, but rather that the user agent has to always ask the server if it's OK to use what it cached. By contrast, no-store says to not even keep a copy, which means there's nothing to ask about. If you know the answer to "Can I reuse this?" is always no, you get a performance boost by skipping cache validation and saving room in the cache for other data.

Aside from performance, there is a behavior difference with browser history. HTTP 1.1 section 13.13 says that "expiration time does not apply to history mechanisms." The no-cache header describes expiration, and so doesn't apply to history mechanisms such as the back button. Thus, the user can navigate backward to a previous page with no-cache without the server being contacted.

The no-store header, on the other hand, prevents the data from being stored outside of a session, in which case it simply isn't available for a history mechanism to use. With no-store, if the user ends his session by navigating to another domain and then goes back, the only way for browser to know what to display is to get the initial page again from the server.

Here's how a Chromium issue on this topic makes the distinction:

no-cache doesn't mean "don't cache this" (that would be no-store). no-cache means don't use this for normal loads unless the resource is revalidated for freshness. History navigations are not normal loads.