Oracle 19c，或者说是Oracle 12.2.0.3，是12c中稳定的版本，就像Oracle 11.2.0.4，是值得让客户做出升级决策，从Oracle支持的版本序列图中，就可以看出Oracle 19c所处的地位，
Oracle 19c将稳定性作为此版本的核心目标，开发人员专注于修复已知问题，而不是添加新功能，这可能是让19c更加可靠以及让客户决定升级的关键因素，
19c相关技术文档，
https://docs.oracle.com/en/database/oracle/oracle-database/19/index.html
对我来说，12c都是比较陌生的，毕竟平时没什么机会用到，但是没条件，就要创造条件，要了解19c，第一步，就是需要具备一个测试环境。
说到19c的安装，相比11g，除了支持图形、命令行、静默安装外，最大的改进，就是支持RPM安装。
RPM是什么？RPM是Red-Hat Package Manager(RPM软件包管理器)的缩写，原本是Red Hat Linux发行版专门用来管理Linux各项套件的程序，由于它遵循GPL规则且功能强大方便，因而广受欢迎，逐渐受到其他发行版的采用。RPM套件管理方式的出现，让Linux易于安装，升级，间接提升了Linux的适用度。他的文件格式名称虽然打上了RedHat的标志，但是其原始设计理念是开放式的，现在包括OpenLinux、S.u.S.E.以及Turbo Linux等Linux的分发版本都有采用，可以算是公认的行业标准了。
Linux上安装Oracle 19c，需要OL7、RHEL7、SLES12及以上的更高版本。Oracle Enterprise Linux6和RedHat Linux6并没有出现在官方给的列表中，
19c的RPM包下载链接，
https://www.oracle.com/database/technologies/oracle19c-linux-downloads.html
可以看到，19c开始支持企业版本的RPM，容量是2.5GB，
使用手工方式，通过RPM安装19c数据库，只需要两步操作，
步骤1：安装oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
步骤2：安装oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm
步骤1：安装oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
如果OEL平台，只需要执行，
yum -y install oracle-database-preinstall-19c
如果不是OEL平台，首先要下载对应平台的RPM，我用的是RedHat 7.4，下载链接地址，
https://yum.oracle.com/repo/OracleLinux/OL7/latest/x86_64/index.html
搜索preinstall-19c，找到，
第一次执行，未必就可以成功，在我的测试环境，从错误的提示看，少了一些依赖库，
[root@localhost software]# rpm -ivh oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID ec551f03: NOKEY
error: Failed dependencies:
compat-libcap1 is needed by oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64
compat-libstdc++-33 is needed by oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64
glibc-devel is needed by oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64
...
碰见这种情况，一个是可以从操作系统安装文件的Package中找到些库，另一个就是从网上检索安装库，在我的测试中，大部分少的库，都可以从Package中找到，但是compat-libstdc++-33这个并不在。
根据MOS(2254198.1)的提示，这个包是Oracle Text需要的，如果不用Oracle Text，可以忽略这个包，在RedHat 7的安装包中已经删除了。
如果不能容忍任何的错误，非得装上，可以到这个链接，下载下来安装，
http://www.rpmfind.net/linux/rpm2html/search.php?query=compat-libstdc%2B%2B-33(x86-64)
再次安装，
[root@localhost software]# rpm -ivh oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm
warning: oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.0-1.el7.x86_64.rpm: Header V3 RSA/SHA256 Signature, key ID ec551f03: NOKEY
Preparing... ################################# [100%]
Updating / installing...
1:oracle-database-preinstall-19c-1.################################# [100%]
步骤2：安装oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm
此时，只需要执行oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm的安装即可，但是我的第一次执行中，报了错，提示清楚，总计要6.9GB的空间，我还需要1.3GB的空间，所以安装前，准备出足够空间，是个前提，
[root@localhost software]# yum install -y oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-
: manager
This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Examining oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm: oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64
Marking oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm to be installed
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package oracle-database-ee-19c.x86_64 0:1.0-1 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
================================================================================
Package Arch Version
Repository Size
================================================================================
Installing:
oracle-database-ee-19c x86_64 1.0-1 /oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64 6.9 G
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total size: 6.9 G
Installed size: 6.9 G
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction check error:
installing package oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64 needs 1322MB on the / filesystem
Error Summary
-------------
Disk Requirements:
At least 1322MB more space needed on the / filesystem.
再次安装，只需要几分钟，就可以完成Oracle 19c软件的安装，
[root@localhost software]# yum install oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm
Loaded plugins: langpacks, product-id, search-disabled-repos, subscription-
: manager
This system is not registered with an entitlement server. You can use subscription-manager to register.
Examining oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm: oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64
Marking oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64.rpm to be installed
Resolving Dependencies
--> Running transaction check
---> Package oracle-database-ee-19c.x86_64 0:1.0-1 will be installed
--> Finished Dependency Resolution
Dependencies Resolved
================================================================================
Package Arch Version
Repository Size
================================================================================
Installing:
oracle-database-ee-19c x86_64 1.0-1 /oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64 6.9 G
Transaction Summary
================================================================================
Install 1 Package
Total size: 6.9 G
Installed size: 6.9 G
Is this ok [y/d/N]: y
Downloading packages:
Running transaction check
Running transaction test
Transaction test succeeded
Running transaction
Warning: RPMDB altered outside of yum.
Installing : oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64 1/1
[INFO] Executing post installation scripts...
[INFO] Oracle home installed successfully and ready to be configured.
To configure a sample Oracle Database you can execute the following service configuration script as root: /etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c configure
Verifying : oracle-database-ee-19c-1.0-1.x86_64 1/1
Installed:
oracle-database-ee-19c.x86_64 0:1.0-1
Complete!
完成了软件安装，下一步就是创建数据库，指令是
/etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c configure
但是首次执行，还是出错了，要求使用root执行，
[oracle@localhost init.d]$ /etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c configure
You must be root user to run the configurations script. Login as root user and try again.
再执行，这次的错误，提示数据文件空间满了，从提示可以看出，RPM安装默认的数据文件路径是/opt/oracle/oradata，
[root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c configure
Configuring Oracle Database ORCLCDB.
[FATAL] [DBT-06604] The location specified for 'Data Files Location' has insufficient free space.
CAUSE: Only (4,174MB) free space is available on the location (/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCLCDB/).
ACTION: Choose a 'Data Files Location' that has enough space (minimum of (4,244MB)) or free up space on the specified location.
Database configuration failed.
这个执行过程，就是11g很像了，需要十几分钟，才可以执行完成，
[root@localhost ~]# /etc/init.d/oracledb_ORCLCDB-19c configure
Configuring Oracle Database ORCLCDB.
Prepare for db operation
8% complete
Copying database files
31% complete
Creating and starting Oracle instance
32% complete
36% complete
40% complete
43% complete
46% complete
Completing Database Creation
51% complete
54% complete
Creating Pluggable Databases
58% complete
77% complete
Executing Post Configuration Actions
100% complete
Database creation complete. For details check the logfiles at:
/opt/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/ORCLCDB.
Database Information:
Global Database Name:ORCLCDB
System Identifier(SID):ORCLCDB
Look at the log file "/opt/oracle/cfgtoollogs/dbca/ORCLCDB/ORCLCDB.log" for further details.
Database configuration completed successfully. The passwords were auto generated, you must change them by connecting to the database using 'sqlplus / as sysdba' as the oracle user.
从路径中，可以看到，相关的控制文件、日志文件、数据文件，
[oracle@localhost ORCLCDB]$ pwd
/opt/oracle/oradata/ORCLCDB
[oracle@localhost ORCLCDB]$ ls
control01.ctl ORCLPDB1 redo01.log redo03.log system01.dbf undotbs01.dbf
control02.ctl pdbseed redo02.log sysaux01.dbf temp01.dbf users01.dbf
和11g相同，oracle用户的profile，需要做些配置，增加环境变量，
export ORACLE_BASE=/opt/oracle
export ORACLE_HOME=/opt/oracle/product/19c/dbhome_1
export ORACLE_SID=ORCLCDB
export PATH=$ORACLE_HOME/bin:$PATH:$HOME/.local/bin:$HOME/bin
正常访问，
[oracle@localhost ~]$ sqlplus / as sysdba
SQL*Plus: Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production on Sun Sep 8 08:55:56 2019
Version 19.3.0.0.0
Copyright (c) 1982, 2019, Oracle. All rights reserved.
Connected to:
Oracle Database 19c Enterprise Edition Release 19.0.0.0.0 - Production
Version 19.3.0.0.0
从安装步骤看，RPM确实简单，除了需要关注安装路径和数据库文件的磁盘空间，以及保证依赖包具备，需要做的，就是一个RPM指令，降低了以往Linux下的安装复杂性，和19c倡导Autonomous自治不谋而和，真正实现了一键安装。
参考：
https://www.eygle.com/archives/2018/10/oracle_18c_orclcdb_install.html
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