问题
I have the following dataframe and would like to differentiate the minor decimal differences in each "step" with a different color scheme in a heatmap.
Sample data:
Sample Step 2 Step 3 Step 4 Step 5 Step 6 Step 7 Step 8
A 64.847 54.821 20.897 39.733 23.257 74.942 75.945
B 64.885 54.767 20.828 39.613 23.093 74.963 75.928
C 65.036 54.772 20.939 39.835 23.283 74.944 75.871
D 64.869 54.740 21.039 39.889 23.322 74.925 75.894
E 64.911 54.730 20.858 39.608 23.101 74.956 75.930
F 64.838 54.749 20.707 39.394 22.984 74.929 75.941
G 64.887 54.781 20.948 39.748 23.238 74.957 75.909
H 64.903 54.720 20.783 39.540 23.028 74.898 75.911
I 64.875 54.761 20.911 39.695 23.082 74.897 75.866
J 64.839 54.717 20.692 39.377 22.853 74.849 75.939
K 64.857 54.736 20.934 39.699 23.130 74.880 75.903
L 64.754 54.746 20.777 39.536 22.991 74.877 75.902
M 64.798 54.811 20.963 39.824 23.187 74.886 75.895
An example of what I am looking for:
回答1:
My first approach would be based on a figure with multiple subplots. Number of plots would equal number of columns in your dataframe; the gap between the plots could be shrinked down to zero:
cm = ['Blues', 'Reds', 'Greens', 'Oranges', 'Purples', 'bone', 'winter']
f, axs = plt.subplots(1, df.columns.size, gridspec_kw={'wspace': 0})
for i, (s, a, c) in enumerate(zip(df.columns, axs, cm)):
sns.heatmap(np.array([df[s].values]).T, yticklabels=df.index, xticklabels=[s], annot=True, fmt='.2f', ax=a, cmap=c, cbar=False)
if i>0:
a.yaxis.set_ticks([])
Result:
Not sure if this will lead to a helpful or even self describing visualization of data, but that's your choice - perhaps this helps to start...
Supplemental:
Regarding adding the colorbars: of course you can. But - besides not knowing the background of your data and the purpose of the visualization - I'd like to add some thoughts on all that:
First: adding all those colorbars as a separate bunch of bars on one side or below the heatmap is probably possible, but I find it already quite hard to read the data, plus: you already have all those annotations - it would mess all up I think.
Additionally: in the meantime @ImportanceOfBeingErnest provided such a beutiful solution on that topic, that this would be not too meaningful imo here.
Second: if you really want to stick to the heatmap thing, perhaps splitting up and giving every column its colorbar would suit better:
cm = ['Blues', 'Reds', 'Greens', 'Oranges', 'Purples', 'bone', 'winter']
f, axs = plt.subplots(1, df.columns.size, figsize=(10, 3))
for i, (s, a, c) in enumerate(zip(df.columns, axs, cm)):
sns.heatmap(np.array([df[s].values]).T, yticklabels=df.index, xticklabels=[s], annot=True, fmt='.2f', ax=a, cmap=c)
if i>0:
a.yaxis.set_ticks([])
f.tight_layout()
However, all that said - I dare to doubt that this is the best visualization for your data. Of course, I don't know what you want to say, see or find with these plots, but that's the point: if the visualization type would fit to the needs, I guess I'd know (or at least could imagine).
Just for example:
A simple df.plot() results in
and I feel that this tells more about different characteristics of your columns within some tenths of a second than the heatmap.
Or are you explicitely after the differences to each columns' means?
(df - df.mean()).plot()
... or the distribution of each column around them?
(df - df.mean()).boxplot()
What I want to say: data visualization becomes powerful when a plot begins to tell sth about the underlying data before you begin/have to explain anything...
回答2:
I suppose the problem can be divided into several parts.
Getting several heatmaps with different colormaps into the same picture. This can be done masking the complete array column-wise, plot each masked array seperately via imshow and apply a different colormap. To visualize the concept:
Obtaining variable number of distinct colormaps. Matplotlib provides a large number of colormaps, however, they are in general very different concerning luminosity and saturation. Here it seems desireable to have colormaps of differing hue, but otherwise same saturation and luminosity.
An option is to create the colormaps on the fly, choosing n different (and equally spaced) hues, and create a colormap using the same saturation and luminosity.
Obtaining a distinct colorbar for each column. Since the values within columns might be on totally different scales, a colorbar for each column would be needed to know the values shown, e.g. in the first column the brightest color may correspond to a value of 1, while in the second column it may correspond to a value of 100. Several colorbars can be created inside of the axes of a GridSpec which is placed next to the actual heatmap axes. The number of columns and rows of that gridspec would be dependent of the number of columns in the dataframe.
In total this may then look as follows.
import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import matplotlib.colors as mcolors
from matplotlib.gridspec import GridSpec
def get_hsvcmap(i, N, rot=0.):
nsc = 24
chsv = mcolors.rgb_to_hsv(plt.cm.hsv(((np.arange(N)/N)+rot) % 1.)[i,:3])
rhsv = mcolors.rgb_to_hsv(plt.cm.Reds(np.linspace(.2,1,nsc))[:,:3])
arhsv = np.tile(chsv,nsc).reshape(nsc,3)
arhsv[:,1:] = rhsv[:,1:]
rgb = mcolors.hsv_to_rgb(arhsv)
return mcolors.LinearSegmentedColormap.from_list("",rgb)
def columnwise_heatmap(array, ax=None, **kw):
ax = ax or plt.gca()
premask = np.tile(np.arange(array.shape[1]), array.shape[0]).reshape(array.shape)
images = []
for i in range(array.shape[1]):
col = np.ma.array(array, mask = premask != i)
im = ax.imshow(col, cmap=get_hsvcmap(i, array.shape[1], rot=0.5), **kw)
images.append(im)
return images
### Create some dataset
ind = list("ABCDEFGHIJKLM")
m = len(ind)
n = 8
df = pd.DataFrame(np.random.randn(m,n) + np.random.randint(20,70,n),
index=ind, columns=[f"Step {i}" for i in range(2,2+n)])
### Plot data
fig, ax = plt.subplots(figsize=(8,4.5))
ims = columnwise_heatmap(df.values, ax=ax, aspect="auto")
ax.set(xticks=np.arange(len(df.columns)), yticks=np.arange(len(df)),
xticklabels=df.columns, yticklabels=df.index)
ax.tick_params(bottom=False, top=False,
labelbottom=False, labeltop=True, left=False)
### Optionally add colorbars.
fig.subplots_adjust(left=0.06, right=0.65)
rows = 3
cols = len(df.columns) // rows + int(len(df.columns)%rows > 0)
gs = GridSpec(rows, cols)
gs.update(left=0.7, right=0.95, wspace=1, hspace=0.3)
for i, im in enumerate(ims):
cax = fig.add_subplot(gs[i//cols, i % cols])
fig.colorbar(im, cax = cax)
cax.set_title(df.columns[i], fontsize=10)
plt.show()
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/54397334/annotated-heatmap-with-multiple-color-schemes