What is the NLTK FCFG grammar standard/specification?

问题

NLTK (Natural Language Toolkit) lets you parse a FCFG grammar using nltk.FCFG.fromstring([grammar string here]). Where is the FCFG grammar format specification*? I googled it to death, but all I could find was this.

*i.e. grammar language specification

回答1:

From the demo:

>>> from nltk import CFG
>>> grammar = CFG.fromstring("""
... S -> NP VP
... PP -> P NP
... NP -> Det N | NP PP
... VP -> V NP | VP PP
... Det -> 'a' | 'the'
... N -> 'dog' | 'cat'
... V -> 'chased' | 'sat'
... P -> 'on' | 'in'
... """)

The grammar for writing the grammar from string should work as such:

• Each line is a rule that makes up of a the left-hand-side (LHS) and right-hand-side (RHS), where
• Only one non-terminal can be on the LHS of the arrow ->
• RHS can be made up of a combinations of one or more non-terminals and/or terminals.
• Terminals strings needs to be enclosed between quotation marks
• Non-terminal symbols on the RHS are to be separated by spaces.
• Each non-terminal results (LHS) can be made up of one or more RHS combinations and each combination is delimited by the pip symbol |
• It is CFG's convention to use capitalized letters for non-terminals but it's not necessary.

Also, see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_and_nonterminal_symbols and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Context-free_grammar

回答2:

The question was asking for FCFG (Feature Grammars) not plain CFG.

I think you can just add square brackets to the nonterminals and have a feature name, an equal sign and a value in the brackets. The value can either be a variable (starting with a question mark), a terminal symbol (for simple values) or a new feature structure. I found this example on the internet (http://www.nltk.org/howto/featgram.html) and it is working at my laptop.

from nltk import grammar, parse

g = """
% start DP
DP[AGR=?a] -> D[AGR=?a] N[AGR=?a]
D[AGR=[NUM='sg', PERS=3]] -> 'this' | 'that'
D[AGR=[NUM='pl', PERS=3]] -> 'these' | 'those'
D[AGR=[NUM='pl', PERS=1]] -> 'we'
D[AGR=[PERS=2]] -> 'you'
N[AGR=[NUM='sg', GND='m']] -> 'boy'
N[AGR=[NUM='pl', GND='m']] -> 'boys'
N[AGR=[NUM='sg', GND='f']] -> 'girl'
N[AGR=[NUM='pl', GND='f']] -> 'girls'
N[AGR=[NUM='sg']] -> 'student'
N[AGR=[NUM='pl']] -> 'students'
"""

grammar = grammar.FeatureGrammar.fromstring(g)
tokens = 'these girls'.split()
parser = parse.FeatureEarleyChartParser(grammar)
trees = parser.parse(tokens)
for tree in trees: 
    tree.draw()
    print(tree)

It seems that it doesn't matter whether the feature terminal symbols are quoted or not.

回答3:

Wartena is right: the question is indeed FCFG: Feature based Context-Free Gramars. Check this https://nltk.org/book/ch09.html Here is some light into his FCFG:

• NUM would correspond to singular/plurial
• GND is gender male/female/other: languages like french or german attribute Gender to objects and verbs
• PERS is person (first person I/we, second person you, third person he/she/it/they)
• The exclaimation mark represent a variable (like in Prolog)
• AGR = agreement features = the set of features NUM, PERS, GND, TENSE=Tense

来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/35963350/what-is-the-nltk-fcfg-grammar-standard-specification