url:
url(r'books/$',views.BookView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})) 为例
当django启动的时候,会调用执行view.BookView.as_view()方法,拿到as_view的返回值view
url(r'books/$',View.view)
当用户访问books/的时候,会执行View.view(). 执行APIView.dispatch()
当用户访问books/时,django拿到request,然后对request进行了重新封装
并且进行用户认证
url(r'books/$',View.view) ---> 执行 self.dispatch()
APIView.dispatch()
def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
...
request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs)
self.request = request
try:
self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs)
....
request = self.initialize_request(request, *args, **kwargs)
def initialize_request(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
#返回一个Request对象
return Request(
...
authenticators=self.get_authenticators(),
...
)
def get_authenticators(self):
# 循环视图类authentication_classes
# 使用列表推导式,生成每一个实例对象
return [auth() for auth in self.authentication_classes]
回到dispatch()中,继续向下执行self.inital(request,*args,**kwags)
def initial(self, request, *args, **kwargs):
...
# 认证
self.perform_authentication(request)
# 权限
self.check_permissions(request)
# 访问频率限制
self.check_throttles(request)
对于用户认证,我们主要看 self.perform_authentication(request) 干了什么
def perform_authentication(self, request):
# 调用了request.user 属性方法
request.user
@property
def user(self):
if not hasattr(self, '_user'):
with wrap_attributeerrors():
# 调用 _authenticate 此时的self是request对象
self._authenticate()
return self._user
def _authenticate(self):
# 此时的self是request ,authenticator每一个验证类对象
for authenticator in self.authenticators:
try:
# 使用authenticator调用它的authenticate() 返回一个元组
#元组的第一个值是request.user,第二个值是request.auth
user_auth_tuple = authenticator.authenticate(self)
except exceptions.APIException:
# 如果没有验证通过,抛出异常
self._not_authenticated()
raise
# 如果 user_auth_tuple 不为空的话,证明authenticator.authenticate(self) 返回了数据
# **** 有多个验证类的话,最后一个认证类返回值,其他验证类不要返回
# 否则,这个验证类之后的所有验证类都不会被执行
# 如果返回值不为None,赋值后 将会跳出循环
if user_auth_tuple is not None:
self._authenticator = authenticator
# 进行赋值
self.user, self.auth = user_auth_tuple
# 跳出for循环, 验证通过
return
self._not_authenticated()
认证执行流程:
1. 查看settings.py中是否配置了作用于全局的REST_FRAMEWORK配置,如果有,就是用全局
2. 如果settings.py没有配置,就去视图类中(本例是BookView)查看是否配置了authentication_classes
3. 以上都没有配置,就是用默认的,在APIView中配置
自定义一个认证
class BookAuthen():
def authenticate(self,request):
#获取token,检验token是否正确,如果正确则,验证通过
#否则抛出异常
token_val = request.GET.get('token')
user_obj = models.User.objects.filter(token__token=token_val).first()
if user_obj:
return user_obj.name,token_val
else:
raise exceptions.AuthenticationFailed
def authenticate_header(self,request):
pass
class BookView(ModelViewSet):
# 如果提供,就执行BookAuthen,如果没有提供,使用APIView提供的
authentication_classes = [BookAuthen,]
queryset = models.Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer
全局配置(settings.py):
REST_FRAMEWORK= {
'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (
'bookmanage.auth.authen.BookAuthen',
'rest_framework.authentication.SessionAuthentication',
'rest_framework.authentication.BasicAuthentication'
)
}
默认配置(APIView):
class APIView(View):
...
# 首先api_settings没有DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES 所以会调用apisetting.__getattr__()
authentication_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES
...
二、访问频率限制
访问频率限制和用户认证流程几乎相同
首先看url
url(r'books/$',views.BookView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'})) 为例
django启动时
去执行BookView.as_view()方法--->APIView.as_view()-->最终返回的是APIView.view
url(r'books/$',views.BookView.as_view({'get':'list','post':'create'}))
url(r'books/$',APIView.view)
用户访问时
执行APIView.view(),其中它调用了父类的as_view(),实际上什么都没做
执行self.dispatch(),执行的是APIView.dispatch()
self.initial(request, *args, **kwargs)
调用了 --> self.check_throttles(request) #此时的self是BookView视图类
dispatch()中,self.inital(request,*args,**kwags) --> self.check_throttles(request)
def get_throttles(self):
"""
遍历视图类中的throttle_classes
拿到每一个自定义访问频率限制类的实例对象
"""
return [throttle() for throttle in self.throttle_classes]
def check_throttles(self, request):
for throttle in self.get_throttles():
# 拿到自定义访问频率限制类的实例对象,调用allow_request()
if not throttle.allow_request(request, self):
# 如果没有通过验证,执行self.throttled()抛出异常
self.throttled(request, throttle.wait())
自定义访问频率限制类
# 限制IP频繁访问
class VisitThrottle(object):
detail = "访问频率不正常"
def allow_request(self,request, obj):
now_time = str(time.time())
if request.session.get('visittime'):
visited = request.session.get('visittime')
visited.append(now_time)
request.session['visittime'] = visited
if len(visited) >= 20:
first = visited[-2]
last = visited[-1]
time_ = time.gmtime(float(last) - float(first))
print(time_)
if time_.tm_min > 1:
request.session['visittime'] = []
return True
elif time_.tm_min <= 1:
raise exceptions.Throttled(detail=self.detail)
else:
request.session['visittime'] = [now_time,]
print(request.META.get('REMOTE_ADDR'))
return True
class BookView(ModelViewSet):
#在视图类中配置自定义频率访问组件
throttle_classes = [VisitThrottle]
queryset = models.Book.objects.all()
serializer_class = BookModelSerializer
默认访问频率限制
由于每一个视图类都是继承自APIView,
如果配置throttle_classes,就使用自定义的
如果没配置throttle_classes,APIView配置了默认的
class APIView(View):
....
# 由于api_settings没有DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES,会调用api_setting的__getattr__()
throttle_classes = api_settings.DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES
....
api_settings = APISettings(None, DEFAULTS, IMPORT_STRINGS)
class APISettings(object):
def __init__(self, user_settings=None, defaults=None, import_strings=None):
#不会进入
if user_settings:
self._user_settings = self.__check_user_settings(user_settings)
# 将DEFAULTS 复制给 self.defaults
self.defaults = defaults or DEFAULTS
@property
def user_settings(self):
if not hasattr(self, '_user_settings'):
self._user_settings = getattr(settings, 'REST_FRAMEWORK', {})
return self._user_settings
def __getattr__(self, attr):
if attr not in self.defaults:
raise AttributeError("Invalid API setting: '%s'" % attr)
try:
# self.user_settings : 它从settings.py中取找 是否存在 REST_FRAMEWORK配置项
# 如果有,因为他是一个字典,取[DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES]对应的路径自定义访问频率类
val = self.user_settings[attr]
except KeyError:
# 如果没有,就使用默认的
# self.defaults[DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES]
val = self.defaults[attr]
....
return val
全局配置
1. 此时,应该将自定义的访问频率组件提取出来单独放在一个py文件中
2. 指定路径类
3. 所有的url访问都会进行访问频率限制
REST_FRAMEWORK= {
'DEFAULT_AUTHENTICATION_CLASSES': (
'bookmanage.auth.authen.BookAuthen',
),
'DEFAULT_THROTTLE_CLASSES':(
'bookmanage.auth.throttle.VisitThrottle'
)
}
来源:oschina
链接:https://my.oschina.net/u/4407476/blog/3930320