<div class="output_wrapper" id="output_wrapper_id" style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(62, 62, 62); line-height: 1.6; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: 'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, 'Hiragino Sans GB', 'Microsoft YaHei', Arial, sans-serif;"><h2 id="h" style="color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.4em;"><span style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">前言</span></h2> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">动态规划(dynamic programming,简称 dp)是工程中非常重要的解决问题的思想,从我们在工程中地图软件上应用的最短路径问题,再在生活中的在淘宝上如何凑单以便利用满减券来最大程度地达到我们合理薅羊毛的目的 ,很多时候都能看到它的身影。不过动态规划对初学者来说确实比较难,dp状态,状态转移方程让人摸不着头脑,网上很多人也反馈不太好学,其实就像我们之前学<a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Hew44D8rdXb3pf8mZGk67w" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(30, 107, 184); overflow-wrap: break-word;">递归</a>那样,任何算法的学习都是有它的规律和套路的,只要掌握好它的规律及解题的套路,再加上大量的习题练习,相信掌握它不是什么难事,本文将会用比较浅显易懂地讲解来帮助大家掌握动态规划这一在工程中非常重要的思想,相信看完后,动态规划的解题套路一定能手到擒来(文章有点长,建议先收藏再看,看完后一定会对动态规划的认知上升到一个台阶!)</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">本文将会从以下角度来讲解动态规划:</p> <ul style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; padding-left: 32px; list-style-type: disc;"> <li style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">什么是动态规划</span></li> <li style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">动态规划从入门到进阶</span></li> <li style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">再谈动态规划</span></li> </ul> <h2 id="h-1" style="color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.4em;"><span style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">什么是动态规划</span></h2> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">以下是我综合了动态规划的特点给出的动态规划的定义:<br>动态规划是一种<strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">多阶段决策</strong>最优解模型,一般用来求最值问题,多数情况下它可以采用<strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">自下而上</strong>的递推方式来得出每个子问题的最优解(即最优子结构),进而自然而然地得出依赖子问题的原问题的最优解。</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">划重点:</p> <ol style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; padding-left: 32px; list-style-type: decimal;"> <li style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">多阶段决策</strong>,意味着问题可以分解成子问题,子子问题,。。。,也就是说问题可以拆分成多个子问题进行求解</li> <li style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">最优子结构</strong>,在自下而上的递推过程中,我们求得的每个子问题一定是<strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">全局最优解</strong>,既然它分解的子问题是全局最优解,那么依赖于它们解的原问题自然也是全局最优解。</li> <li style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">自下而上</strong>,怎样才能自下而上的求出每个子问题的最优解呢,可以肯定子问题之间是有一定联系的,即迭代递推公式,也叫「状态转移方程」,要定义好这个状态转移方程, 我们就需要定义好每个子问题的状态(DP 状态),那为啥要自下而上地求解呢,因为如果采用像递归这样自顶向下的求解方式,子问题之间可能存在大量的重叠,大量地重叠子问题意味着大量地重复计算,这样时间复杂度很可能呈指数级上升(在下文中我们会看到多个这样重复的计算导致的指数级的时间复杂度),所以自下而上的求解方式可以消除重叠子问题。</li> </ol> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">简单总结一下,最优子结构,状态转移方程,重叠子问题就是动态规划的三要素,这其中定义子问题的状态与写出状态转移方程是解决动态规划最为关键的步骤,状态转移方程如果定义好了,解决动态规划就基本不是问题了。</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">既然我们知道动态规划的基本概念及特征,那么怎么判断题目是否可以用动态规划求解呢,其实也很简单,当问题的定义是求最值问题,且问题可以采用递归的方式,并且递归的过程中有大量重复子问题的时候,基本可以断定问题可以用动态规划求解,于是我们得出了求解动态规划基本思路如下(解题四步曲)</p> <ol style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; padding-left: 32px; list-style-type: decimal;"> <li style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">判断是否可用递归来解,可以的话进入步骤 2</span></li> <li style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">分析在递归的过程中是否存在大量的重复子问题</span></li> <li style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">采用备忘录的方式来存子问题的解以避免大量的重复计算(剪枝)</span></li> <li style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em;"><span style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">改用自底向上的方式来递推,即动态规划</span></li> </ol> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;"><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">画外音:递归怎么求解,强烈建议看下<a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Hew44D8rdXb3pf8mZGk67w" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(30, 107, 184); overflow-wrap: break-word;">这篇文章</a>,好评如潮,总结了常见的递归解题套路</strong></p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">可能不少人看了以上的动态规划的一些介绍还是对一些定义如 DP 状态,状态转移方程,自底而上不了解,没关系 ,接下来我们会做几道习题来强化一下大家对这些概念及动态规划解题四步曲的理解,每道题我们都会分别用递归,递归+备忘录,动态规划来求解一遍,这样也进一步帮助大家来巩固我们之前学的递归知识</p> <h2 id="h-2" style="color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.4em;"><span style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">动态规划从入门到进阶</span></h2> <h3 id="h-3" style="line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5em 0px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-right: 5px; padding: 8px 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, rgb(0, 188, 212), rgb(63, 81, 181)); background-color: rgb(63, 81, 181); color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left: 10px solid rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 5px; text-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 1px 1px 1px; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 1px 1px 2px;"><span style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">入门题:斐波那契数列</span></h3> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">接下来我们来看看怎么用动态规划解题四步曲来解斐波那契数列<br><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">画外音:斐波那契数列并不是严格意义上的动态规划,因为它不涉及到求最值,用这个例子旨在说明重叠子问题与状态转移方程</strong></p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">1、判断是否可用递归来解<br>显然是可以的,递归代码如下</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="java language-java hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;"><span class="hljs-function" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">fibonacci</span><span class="hljs-params" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 152, 35); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> n)</span> </span>{<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (n == <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>;<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (n == <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>;<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> fibonacci(n - <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>) + fibonacci(n - <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>);<br>}<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">2、分析在递归的过程中是否存在大量的重复子问题</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">怎么分析是否有重复子问题,画出递归树</p> <figure style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2020/2/16/1704e77d08207ec0?w=495&h=401&f=png&s=28137" alt="" title="" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;"><figcaption style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">可以看到光是求 f(6),就有两次重复的计算, f(4) 求解了两次,f(3) 求解了两次,时间复杂度是指数级别,递归时间复杂度怎么看,解决每个子问题需要的时间乘以子问题总数,每个子问题需要的时间即 f(n) = f(n-1) + f(n-2) 只做了一次加法运算,子问题的个数有多少呢,每个问题一分为二,是个二叉树,可以看到第一层 1 个,第二层 2 个,第三层 4 个,即 1 + 2 + 2^2 + …. 2^n,所以总的来说时间复杂度是)O(2^n),是指数级别</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;"><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">画外音:求解问题 f(6),转成求 f(5),f(4),从原问题出发,分解成求子问题,子问题再分解成子子问题,。。。,直到再也不能分解,这种从 原问题展开子问题进行求解的方式叫自顶向下</strong></p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">3、采用备忘录的方式来存子问题的解以避免大量的重复计算<br>既然以上中间子问题中存在着大量的重复计算,那么我们可以把这些中间结果给缓存住(可以用哈希表缓存),如下</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="java language-java hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;"><span class="hljs-function" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">fibonacci</span><span class="hljs-params" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 152, 35); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> n)</span> </span>{<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (n = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>;<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (n = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>;<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (map.get(n) != <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">null</span>) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> map.get(n);<br> }<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> result = fibonacci(n - <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>) + fibonacci(n - <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>);<br> map.put(n, result);<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> result;<br>}<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">这么缓存之后再看我们的递归树</p> <figure style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2020/2/16/1704e7796256c3b1?w=614&h=540&f=png&s=42177" alt="" title="" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;"><figcaption style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">可以看到通过缓存中间的数据,做了大量地剪枝的工作,同样的f(4),f(3),f(2),都只算一遍了,省去了大量的重复计算,问题的规模从二叉树变成了单链表(即 n),时间复杂度变成了 O(n),不过由于哈希表缓存了所有的子问题的结果,空间复杂度是 O(n)。</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">4、改用自底向上的方式来递推,即动态规划<br>我们注意到如下规律</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="shell language-shell hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;">f(1) = 1<br>f(2) = 2<br>f(3) = f(1) + f(2) = 3<br>f(4) = f(3) + f(2) = 5<br>....<br>f(n) = f(n-1) + f(n-2)<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">所以只要依次自底向上求出 f(3),f(4),…,自然而然地就求出了 f(n)<br></p><figure style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2020/2/16/1704e77d01fe91f2?w=548&h=214&f=png&s=11690" alt="" title="" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;"><figcaption style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;"><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">画外音:从最终地不能再分解的子问题根据递推方程(f(n) = f(n-1) + f(n-2))逐渐求它上层的问题,上上层问题,最终求得一开始的问题,这种求解问题的方式就叫自底向上。</strong></p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">f(n) 就是定义的每个子问题的状态(DP 状态),f(n) = f(n-1) + f(n-2) 就是状态转移方程,即 f(n) 由 f(n-1), f(n-2) 这两个状态转移而来,由于每个子问题只与它前面的两个状态,所以我们只要定义三个变量,自底向上不断循环迭代即可,如下</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="java language-java hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;"><span class="hljs-function" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">f</span><span class="hljs-params" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 152, 35); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> n)</span> </span>{<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (n == <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>;<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (n == <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>;<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> result = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>;<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> pre = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>;<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> next = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>;<br><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">3</span>; i < n + <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>; i ++) {<br> result = pre + next;<br> pre = next;<br> next = result;<br> }<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> result;<br>}<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">这样时间复杂度虽然还是O(n),但空间复杂度只由于只定义了三个变量(result,pre,next)所以是常量 O(1)。</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">通过简单地斐波那契的例子,相信大家对自底向上,DP 状态, DP 转移方程应该有了比较深入地认识,细心的同学一定发现了最优子结构怎么没有,因为前面我们也说了,斐波那契数列并不是严格意义上的动态规划,只是先用这个简单地例子来帮助大家了解一下一些基本的概念。在之后的习题中我们将会见识到真正的动态规划</p> <h3 id="h-4" style="line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5em 0px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-right: 5px; padding: 8px 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, rgb(0, 188, 212), rgb(63, 81, 181)); background-color: rgb(63, 81, 181); color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left: 10px solid rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 5px; text-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 1px 1px 1px; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 1px 1px 2px;"><span style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">小试牛刀:三角形的最小路径和</span></h3> <figure style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2020/2/16/1704e779649959d3?w=878&h=692&f=png&s=40196" alt="" title="" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;"><figcaption style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">如图示,以上三角形由一连串的数字构成,要求从顶点 2 开始走到最底下边的最短路径,每次只能向当前节点下面的两个节点走,如 3 可以向 6 或 5 走,不能直接走到 7。</p> <figure style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2020/2/16/1704e779e0aeeb51?w=455&h=340&f=png&s=20035" alt="" title="" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;"><figcaption style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;"><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">如图示:从 2 走到最底下最短路径为 2+3+5+1 = 11,即为我们所求的</strong></p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">首先我们需要用一个二维数组来表示这个三个角形的节点,用二维数组显然可以做到, 第一行的 2 用 a[0][0] 表示,第二行元素 3, 4 用 a[1][0],a[1][1],依此类推。</p> <figure style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2020/2/16/1704e779a56a5459?w=441&h=363&f=png&s=21092" alt="" title="" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;"><figcaption style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">定义好数据结构之后,接下来我们来看看如何套用我们的动态规划解题套路来解题</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">1、 判断是否可用递归来解</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">如果用递归,就要穷举所有的路径和,最后再求所有路径和的最小值,我们来看看用递归怎么做。</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">对于每个节点都可以走它的左或右节点,假设我们定义 traverse(i, j) 为节点 a[i][j] 下一步要走的节点,则可以得出递归公式的伪代码如下</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="java language-java hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;">traverse(i, j) = {<br> traverse(i, j+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>); 向节点i,j 下面的左节点走一步<br> traverse(i+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, j+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>); 向节点i,j 下面的右节点走一步<br>}<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">什么时候终止呢,显然是遍历到三角形最后一条边的节点时终止,发现了吗,对每个节点来说,在往下(无论是往左还是往右)遍历的过程中,问题规模不断地在缩小,也有临界条件(到达最后一条边的节点时终止),分解的子问题也有相同的解决问题的思路(对于每个节点的遍历都是往左或往右),符合递归的条件!于是我们得到递归代码如下</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="java language-java hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span>[][] triangle = {<br> {<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>},<br> {<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>},<br> {<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">6</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">7</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>},<br> {<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">3</span>}<br>};<br><br><span class="hljs-function" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">traverse</span><span class="hljs-params" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 152, 35); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> i, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> j)</span> </span>{<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> totalRow = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">4</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 总行数</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (i >= totalRow - <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>;<br> }<br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 往左下节点走时</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> leftSum = traverse(i+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, j) + triangle[i+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>][j];<br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 往右下节点走时</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> rightSum = traverse(i+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, j+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>) + triangle[i+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>][j+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>];<br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 记录每个节点往左和往右遍历的路径和的最小值</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> Math.min(leftSum, rightSum);<br>}<br><br><span class="hljs-function" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">main</span><span class="hljs-params" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 152, 35); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">(String[] args)</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">throws</span> Throwable </span>{<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> sum = traverse(<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>) + triangle[<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>][<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>];<br> System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(238, 220, 112); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">"sum = "</span> + sum);<br>}<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">时间复杂度是多少呢,从以下伪代码可以看出</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="java language-java hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;">traverse(i, j) = {<br> traverse(i, j+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>); 向节点i,j 下面的左节点走一步<br> traverse(i+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, j+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>); 向节点i,j 下面的右节点走一步<br>}<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">对于每个节点,要么向左或向右,每个问题都分解成了两个子问题,和斐波那契数列一样,如果画出递归树也是个二叉树,所以时间复杂度是 O(2^n),也是指数级别。</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">2、分析在递归的过程中是否存在大量的重复子问题</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">为啥时间复杂度是指数级别呢,我们简单分析一下:</p> <figure style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2020/2/16/1704e77dc6688eba?w=433&h=347&f=png&s=16177" alt="" title="" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;"><figcaption style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">对于节点 3 和 4 来说,如果节点 3 往右遍历, 节点 4 往左遍历,都到了节点 5,节点 5 往下遍历的话就会遍历两次,所以此时就会出现重复子问题</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">3、采用备忘录的方式来存子问题的解以避免大量的重复计算(剪枝)</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">既然出现了,那我们就用备忘录把中间节点缓存下来</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">于是我们的代码改为如下所示</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="java language-java hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span>[][] triangle = {<br> {<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>},<br> {<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>},<br> {<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">6</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">7</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>},<br> {<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">3</span>}<br> };<br><br><span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 记录中间状态的 map</span><br><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> HashMap<String, Integer> map = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">new</span> HashMap();<br><br><span class="hljs-function" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">traverse</span><span class="hljs-params" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 152, 35); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> i, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> j)</span> </span>{<br> String key = i + <span class="hljs-string" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(238, 220, 112); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">""</span> + j;<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (map.get(key) != <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">null</span>) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> map.get(key);<br> }<br><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> totalRow = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">4</span>; <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 总行数</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (i >= totalRow - <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>;<br> }<br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 往左下节点走时</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> leftSum = traverse(i+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, j) + triangle[i+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>][j];<br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 往右下节点走时</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> rightSum = traverse(i+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, j+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>) + triangle[i+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>][j+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>];<br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 记录每个节点往左和往右遍历的路径和的最小值</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> result = Math.min(leftSum, rightSum);<br> map.put(key, result);<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> result;<br>}<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">这么一来,就达到了剪枝的目的,避免了重复子问题,时间复杂度一下子下降到 O(n), 空间复杂度呢,由于我们用哈希表存储了所有的节点的状态,所以空间复杂度是 O(n)。</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">4、改用自底向上的方式来递推,即动态规划</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">重点来了,如何采用自底向上的动态规划来解决问题呢? 我们这么来看,要求节点 2 到底部边的最短路径,只要先求得节点 3 和 节点 4 到底部的最短路径值,然后取这两者之中的最小值再加 2 不就是从 2 到底部的最短路径了吗,同理,要求节点 3 或 节点 4 到底部的最小值,只要求它们的左右节点到底部的最短路径再取两者的最小值再加节点本身的值(3 或 4)即可。</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">我们知道对于三角形的最后一层节点,它们到底部的最短路径就是其本身,于是问题转化为了已知最后一层节点的最小值怎么求倒数第二层到最开始的节点到底部的最小值了。先看倒数第二层到底部的最短路径怎么求</p> <figure style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2020/2/16/1704e779e2de791c?w=769&h=678&f=png&s=81467" alt="" title="" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;"><figcaption style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">同理,第二层对于节点 3 ,它到最底层的最短路径转化为了 3 到 7, 6 节点的最短路径的最小值,即 9, 对于节点 4,它到最底层的最短路径转化为了 4 到 6, 10 的最短路径两者的最小值,即 10。</p> <figure style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2020/2/16/1704e77fa6c35a4c?w=974&h=763&f=png&s=51911" alt="" title="" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;"><figcaption style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">接下来要求 2 到底部的路径就很简单了,只要求 2 到节点 9 与 10 的最短路径即可,显然为 11。</p> <figure style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2020/2/16/1704e77a6c18b006?w=935&h=763&f=png&s=50689" alt="" title="" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;"><figcaption style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">于是最终的 11 即为我们所求的值,接下来我们来看看怎么定义 DP 的状态与状态转移方程。<br>我们要求每个节点到底部的最短路径,于是 DP 状态 DP[i,j] 定义为 i,j 的节点到底部的最小值,DP状态转移方程定义如下:</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="Python language-Python hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;">DP[i,j] = min(DP[i+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, j], D[i+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, j+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>]) + triangle[i,j]<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">这个状态转移方程代表要求节点到最底部节点的最短路径只需要求左右两个节点到最底部的最短路径两者的最小值再加此节点本身!仔细想想我们上面的推导过程是不是都是按这个状态转移方程推导的,实在不明白建议多看几遍上面的推导过程,相信不难明白。</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">DP 状态 DP[i,j] 有两个变量,需要分别从下而上,从左到右循环求出所有的 i,j, 有了状态转移方程求出代码就比较简单了,如下</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="java language-java hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span>[][] triangle = {<br> {<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>},<br> {<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">3</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>},<br> {<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">6</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">5</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">7</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>},<br> {<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">4</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">8</span>, <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">3</span>}<br>};<br><span class="hljs-function" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">traverse</span><span class="hljs-params" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 152, 35); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">()</span> </span>{<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> ROW = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">4</span>;<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span>[] mini = triangle[ROW - <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>];<br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 从倒数第二行求起,因为最后一行的值本身是固定的</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> i = ROW - <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>; i >= <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>; i--) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> j = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>; j < triangle[j].length; j++) {<br> mini[j] = triangle[i][j] + Math.min(mini[j], mini[j+<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>]);<br> }<br> }<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> mini[<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>];<br>}<br><br><span class="hljs-function" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">main</span><span class="hljs-params" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 152, 35); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">(String[] args)</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">throws</span> Throwable </span>{<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> minPathSum = traverse();<br> System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(238, 220, 112); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">"sum = "</span> + minPathSum);<br>}<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">可能有一些人对 mini 数组的定义有疑问,这里其实用了一个比较取巧的方式,首先我们定义 mini 的初始值为最后一行的节点,因为最后一行的每个节点的 DP[i,j] 是固定值,只要从倒数第二行求起即可,其次我们知道每个节点到底部的最短路径只与它下一层的 D[I+1,j], D[i+1, j] 有关,所以只要把每一层节点的 DP[i,j] 求出来保存到一个数组里即可,就是为啥我们只需要定义一下 mini 一维数组的原因</p> <figure style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2020/2/16/1704e77aab1f3693?w=526&h=349&f=png&s=18783" alt="" title="" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;"><figcaption style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;"><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">如图示:要求节点 2 到底部的最短路径,它只关心节点 9, 10,之前层数的节点无需再关心!因为 9,10 已经是最优子结构了,所以只保存每层节点(即一维数组)的最值即可!</strong></p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">当自下而上遍历完成了,mini[0] 的值即为 DP[0,0],即为节点 2 到 底部的最短路径。mini 的定义可能有点绕,大家可以多思考几遍,当然,你也可以定义一个二维数组来保存所有的 DP[i,j],只不过多耗些空间罢了。</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">这里我们再来谈谈<strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">最优子结构</strong>,在以上的推导中我们知道每一层节点到底部的最短路径依赖于它下层的左右节点的最短路径,求得的下层两个节点的最短路径对于依赖于它们的节点来说就是<strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">最优子结构</strong>,最优子结构对于子问题来说属于全局最优解,这样我们不必去求节点到最底层的所有路径了,只需要依赖于它的最优子结构即可推导出我们所要求的最优解,所以最优子结构有两层含义,一是它是子问题的全局最优解,依赖于它的上层问题只要根据已求得的最优子结构推导求解即可得全局最优解,二是它有缓存的含义,这样就避免了多个依赖于它的问题的重复求解(消除重叠子问题)。</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">总结:仔细回想一下我们的解题思路,我们先看了本题是否可用递归来解,在递归的过程中发现了有重叠子问题,于是我们又用备忘录来消除递归中的重叠子问题,既然我们发现了此问题可以用递归+备忘录来求解,自然而然地想到它可以用自底向上的动态规划来求解。是的,求解动态规划就按这个套路来即可,最重要的是要找出它的状态转移方程,这需要在自下而上的推导中仔细观察。</p> <h3 id="h-5" style="line-height: inherit; margin: 1.5em 0px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.3em; margin-bottom: 2em; margin-right: 5px; padding: 8px 15px; letter-spacing: 2px; background-image: linear-gradient(to right bottom, rgb(0, 188, 212), rgb(63, 81, 181)); background-color: rgb(63, 81, 181); color: rgb(255, 255, 255); border-left: 10px solid rgb(51, 51, 51); border-radius: 5px; text-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 1px 1px 1px; box-shadow: rgb(102, 102, 102) 1px 1px 2px;"><span style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">进阶:凑零钱</span></h3> <blockquote style="line-height: inherit; display: block; padding: 15px 15px 15px 1rem; font-size: 0.9em; margin: 1em 0px; color: rgb(129, 145, 152); border-left: 6px solid rgb(220, 230, 240); background: rgb(242, 247, 251); overflow: auto; overflow-wrap: normal; word-break: normal;"> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 0px;">给定不同面额的硬币 coins 和一个总金额 amount。编写一个函数来计算可以凑成总金额所需的最少的硬币个数。如果没有任何一种硬币组合能组成总金额,返回 -1。<br>输入: coins = [1, 2, 5], amount = 11,输出: 3 解释: 11 = 5 + 5 + 1<br>输入: coins = [2], amount = 3,输出: -1</p> </blockquote> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">来套用一下我们的动态规划解题四步曲</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;"><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">一、判断是否可用递归来解</strong></p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">对于 amount 来说,如果我们选择了 coins 中的任何一枚硬币,则问题的规模(amount)是不是缩小了,再对缩小的 amount 也选择 coins 中的任何一枚硬币,直到再也不能选择(amount <= 0, amount = 0 代表有符合条件的解,小于0代表没有符合条件的解),从描述中我们可以看出问题可以分解成子问题,子问题与原问题具有相同的解决问题的思路,同时也有临界条件,符合递归的条件,由此可证可以用递归求解,接下来我们来看看,如何套用<a href="https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Hew44D8rdXb3pf8mZGk67w" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(30, 107, 184); overflow-wrap: break-word;">递归四步曲</a>来解题</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">1、定义这个函数,明确这个函数的功能,函数的功能显然是给定一个 amount,用定义好的 coins 来凑,于是我们定义函数如下</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="java language-java hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;"><span class="hljs-function" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">f</span><span class="hljs-params" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 152, 35); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> amount, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span>[] coins)</span> </span>{<br>}<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">2、寻找问题与子问题的关系,即递推公式<br>这题的递推关系比较难推导,我们一起看下,假设 f(amount, coins) 为零钱 amount 的所需要的最少硬币数,当选中了coins 中的第一枚硬币之后(即为 coins[0]),则需再对剩余的 amount - coins[0] 金额求最少硬币数,即调用 f(amount - coins[0], coins) ,由此可知当选了第一枚硬币后的递推公式如下</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="shell language-shell hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;">f(amount, coins) = f(amount-coins[0]) + 1 (这里的 1 代表选择了第一枚硬币)<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">如果选择了第二,第三枚呢,递推公式如下</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="shell language-shell hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;">f(amount, coins) = f(amount-coins[1]) + 1 (这里的 1 代表选择了第二枚硬币)<br>f(amount, coins) = f(amount-coins[2]) + 1 (这里的 1 代表选择了第三枚硬币)<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">我们的目标是求得所有以上 f(amount, coins) 解的的最小值,于是可以得到我们的总的递推公式如下 </p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="shell language-shell hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;">f(amount, coins) = min{ f(amount - coins[i]) + 1) }, 其中 i 的取值为 0 到 coins 的大小,coins[i] 表示选择了此硬币, 1 表示选择了coins[i] 这一枚硬币<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">3、将第二步的递推公式用代码表示出来补充到步骤 1 定义的函数中</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">得出了递推公式用代码实现就简单了,来简单看一下</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="java language-java hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">public</span> <span class="hljs-class" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">Solution</span> </span>{<br><br> <span class="hljs-function" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">exchange</span><span class="hljs-params" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 152, 35); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> amount, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span>[] coins)</span> </span>{<br><br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 说明零钱刚好凑完</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (amount == <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>;<br> }<br><br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 说明没有满足的条件</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (amount < <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> -<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>;<br> }<br><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> result = Integer.MAX_VALUE;<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>; i < coins.length; i++) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> subMin = exchange(amount - coins[i], coins);<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (subMin == -<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">continue</span>;<br> result = Math.min(subMin + <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, result);<br> }<br><br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 说明没有符合问题的解</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (result == Integer.MAX_VALUE) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> -<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>;<br> }<br><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> result;<br> }<br><br> <span class="hljs-function" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">main</span><span class="hljs-params" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 152, 35); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">(String[] args)</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">throws</span> Throwable </span>{<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> amount = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">11</span>;<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span>[] coins = {<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">5</span>};<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> result = exchange(amount, coins);<br> System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(238, 220, 112); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">"result = "</span> + result);<br> }<br>}<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">4、计算时间复杂度<br>这道题的时间复杂度很难看出来,一般看不出来的时候我们可以画递归树来分析,针对 amount = 11 的递归树 如下</p> <figure style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2020/2/16/1704e77afa5cfb3f?w=583&h=393&f=png&s=39038" alt="" title="" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;"><figcaption style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">前文我们说到斐波那契的递归树是一颗二叉树,时间复杂度是指数级别,而凑零钱的递归树是一颗三叉树 ,显然时间复杂度也是指数级别!</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;"><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">二、分析在递归的过程中是否存在大量的重叠子问题(动态规划第二步)</strong><br>由上一节的递归树可知,存在重叠子问题,上一节中的 9, 8,都重复算了,所以存在重叠子问题!</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;"><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">三、采用备忘录的方式来存子问题的解以避免大量的重复计算(剪枝)</strong></p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">既然我们知道存在重叠子问题,那么就可以用备忘录来存储中间结果达到剪枝的目的</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="java language-java hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">public</span> <span class="hljs-class" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">Solution</span> </span>{<br><br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 保存中间结果</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> HashMap<Integer, Integer> map = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">new</span> HashMap();<br><br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 带备忘录的递归求解</span><br> <span class="hljs-function" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">exchangeRecursive</span><span class="hljs-params" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 152, 35); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> amount, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span>[] coins)</span> </span>{<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (map.get(amount) != <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">null</span>) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> map.get(amount);<br> }<br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 说明零钱已经凑完</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (amount == <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>;<br> }<br><br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 说明没有满足的条件</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (amount < <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> -<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>;<br> }<br><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> result = Integer.MAX_VALUE;<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>; i < coins.length; i++) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> subMin = exchangeRecursive(amount - coins[i], coins);<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (subMin == -<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>) <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">continue</span>;<br> result = Math.min(subMin + <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>, result);<br> }<br><br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 说明没有符合问题的解</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (result == Integer.MAX_VALUE) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> -<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>;<br> }<br><br> map.put(amount, result);<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> result;<br> }<br><br> <span class="hljs-function" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">main</span><span class="hljs-params" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 152, 35); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">(String[] args)</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">throws</span> Throwable </span>{<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> amount = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">11</span>;<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span>[] coins = {<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">2</span>,<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">5</span>};<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> result = exchangeRecursive(amount, coins);<br> System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(238, 220, 112); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">"result = "</span> + result);<br> }<br>}<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;"><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">四、改用自底向上的方式来递推,即动态规划</strong></p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">前面我们推导出了如下递归公式</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="shell language-shell hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;">f(amount, coins) = min{ f(amount - coins[i]) + 1) }, 其中 i 的取值为 0 到 coins 的大小,coins[i] 表示选择了此硬币, 1 表示选择了coins[i] 这一枚硬币<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">从以上的递推公式中我们可以获取 DP 的解题思路,我们定义 DP(i) 为凑够零钱 i 需要的最小值,状态转移方程如下</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="shell language-shell hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;">DP[i] = min{ DP[ i - coins[j] ] + 1 } = min{ DP[ i - coins[j] ]} + 1, 其中 j 的取值为 0 到 coins 的大小,i 代表取了 coins[j] 这一枚硬币。<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">于是我们只要自底向上根据以上状态转移方程依次求解 DP[1], DP[2],DP[3].,….DP[11],最终的 DP[11],即为我们所求的解</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="java language-java hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;"><span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 动态规划求解</span><br><span class="hljs-function" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">private</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(165, 218, 45); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">exchangeDP</span><span class="hljs-params" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(255, 152, 35); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">(<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> amount, <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span>[] coins)</span> </span>{<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span>[] dp = <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">new</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span>[amount + <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>];<br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 初始化每个值为 amount+1,这样当最终求得的 dp[amount] 为 amount+1 时,说明问题无解</span><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>; i < amount + <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>; i++) {<br> dp[i] = amount + <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>;<br> }<br><br> <span class="hljs-comment" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(128, 128, 128); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">// 0 硬币本来就没有,所以设置成 0</span><br> dp[<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>] = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>;<br><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> i = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>; i < amount + <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>; i++) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">for</span> (<span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">int</span> j = <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">0</span>; j < coins.length; j++) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (i >= coins[j]) {<br> dp[i] = Math.min(dp[i- coins[j]], dp[i]) + <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>;<br> }<br> }<br> }<br><br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">if</span> (dp[amount] == amount + <span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>) {<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> -<span class="hljs-number" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(174, 135, 250); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">1</span>;<br> }<br> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="font-size: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; color: rgb(248, 35, 117); word-wrap: inherit !important; word-break: inherit !important;">return</span> dp[amount];<br>}<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;"><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">画外音:以上只是求出了凑成零钱的的最小数量,但如果想求由哪些面值的硬币构成的,该如何修改呢?</strong></p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">凑零钱这道题还可以用另外一道经典的青蛙跳台阶的思路来考虑,从最底部最少跳多少步可以跳到第 11 阶,一次可以跳 1,2,5次 。由此可知最后一步一定是跳 1 或 2 或 5 步,于是如果用 f(n) 代表跳台阶 n 的最小跳数,则问题转化为了求 f(n-1),f(n-2) ,f(n-5)的最小值。</p> <figure style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2020/2/16/1704e77fcb9bc304?w=444&h=336&f=png&s=13224" alt="" title="" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;"><figcaption style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption></figure> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;"><strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">如图示:最后一跳一定是跳 1 或 2 或 5 步,只要求 f(n-1),f(n-2) ,f(n-5)的最小值即可</strong></p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">写出递推表达式, 即:</p> <pre style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><code class="shell language-shell hljs" style="overflow-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 2px; line-height: 18px; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; word-spacing: 0px; letter-spacing: 0px; font-family: Consolas, Inconsolata, Courier, monospace; border-radius: 0px; color: rgb(169, 183, 198); background: rgb(40, 43, 46); overflow-x: auto; padding: 0.5em; white-space: pre !important; word-wrap: normal !important; word-break: normal !important; overflow: auto !important; display: -webkit-box !important;"> f(n) = min{ f(n-1),f(n-2),f(n-5)} + 1 (1代表最后一跳)<br></code></pre> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">我们的 DP 状态转移方程对比一下,可以发现两者其实是等价的,只不过这种跳台阶的方式可能更容易理解。</p> <h2 id="h-6" style="color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px; font-weight: bold; font-size: 1.4em;"><span style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">总结</span></h2> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">本文通过几个简单的例子强化了大家动态规划的三要素:最优子结构,状态转移方程,重叠子问题的理解,相信大家对动态规划的理解应该深刻了许多,怎么看出是否可以用动态规划来解呢,先看题目是否可以用递归来推导,在用递归推导的过程如果发现有大量地重叠子问题,则有两种方式可以优化,一种是递归 + 备忘录,另一种就是采用动态规划了,动态规划一般是自下而上的, 通过状态转移方程自下而上的得出每个子问题的最优解(即最优子结构),最优子结构其实也是穷举了所有的情况得出的最优解,得出每个子问题的最优解后,也就是每个最优解其实是这个子问题的<strong style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; font-weight: bold;">全局最优解</strong>,这样依赖于它的上层问题根据状态转移方程自然而然地得出了全局最优解。动态规划自下而上的求解方式还有一个好处就是避免了重叠子问题,因为依赖于子问题的上层问题可能有很多,如果采用自顶而下的方式来求解,就有可能造成大量的重叠子问题,时间复杂度会急剧上升。</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">参考:<br>动态规划详解: https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/Cw39C9MY9Wr2JlcvBQZMcA</p> <p style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; margin: 1.5em 0px;">欢迎关注公众号交流哦</p> <figure style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><img src="https://user-gold-cdn.xitu.io/2020/2/17/1705326cb7b378b6?w=430&h=430&f=jpeg&s=41396" alt="" title="" style="font-size: inherit; color: inherit; line-height: inherit; padding: 0px; display: block; margin: 0px auto; max-width: 100%;"><figcaption style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0px; padding: 0px; margin-top: 10px; text-align: center; color: rgb(153, 153, 153); font-size: 0.7em;"></figcaption></figure></div>
原文出处:https://www.cnblogs.com/xiekun/p/12323450.html
来源:oschina
链接:https://my.oschina.net/u/4411093/blog/3240401