问题
The typing module implements type hints in Python 3.5+. However, this is not enforced, it seems to currently only exist for the benefit of static type checkers such as mypy and PyCharm. I was hoping it would be a viable alternative to duck typing.
Question: Is there a way to turn on dynamic type checking in Python 3.7+ that I didn't find in Google search? So for example, if I define
def greeting(name: str) -> str:
return name
then this should fail at execution time:
greeting([12])
I don't mind paying the time penalty for this checking, since for my purposes I would have to implement it by hand anyway with assert statements, and the type hints are far more concise and descriptive.
Update: A commenter below has noted that the typen package will enforce the type hints for me dynamically. So this is a positive answer which would update the answer of an older question which was scoped to Python 3.6 and answered in the negative. I have verified that the canonical typen example works as expected:
from typen import enforce_type_hints
@enforce_type_hints
def halve_integer(a: int) -> float:
return a / 2
halve_integer(5) # 2.5
halve_integer(5.0) # ParameterTypeError
The only drawback is that every function needs to be decorated to get the behavior, rather than there being one switch to turn it on for everything.
Update 2: Answer below also notes that pydantic also solves the problem. so that's 2 positive solutions. However, pydantic seems geared more towards data modelling, and comes with some strong caveats about their validation decorator:
The validate_arguments decorator is in beta, it has been added to pydantic in v1.5 on a provisional basis. It may change significantly in future releases and its interface will not be concrete until v2. Feedback from the community while it's still provisional would be extremely useful; either comment on #1205 or create a new issue.
回答1:
I liked the answer that was given in this thread, so I will give it here:
You can use annotations in Python3, which might help you get some benefits of static typing.
However if static typing were to be completely enforced in Python, then it won't be Python anymore. It's a duck-typed dynamic language, and would loose all dynamism as a result. If you really intend to use a statically-typed language, you are better off not using Python.
And also quote the words from PEP 563:
Python will remain a dynamically typed language, and the authors have no desire to ever make type hints mandatory, even by convention
On a personal note, there are tools that use type annotations at runtime for type checking and validations, since annotations are accessible via __annotations__ attribute. For example, pydantic, which I use in my projects. But it has its own peculiarities, for example, it tries to do implicit type conversion when possible.
Some examples:
from pydantic import validate_arguments, ValidationError, BaseModel
...
...
... @validate_arguments
... def sum_foo(a: int, b: int) -> int:
... return a + b
...
sum_foo("Hello", 1)
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
File "pydantic/decorator.py", line 25, in pydantic.decorator.validate_arguments.wrapper_function
File "pydantic/decorator.py", line 107, in pydantic.decorator.ValidatedFunction.call
File "pydantic/main.py", line 346, in pydantic.main.BaseModel.__init__
pydantic.error_wrappers.ValidationError: 1 validation error for SumFoo
a
value is not a valid integer (type=type_error.integer)
class data(BaseModel):
... a: int = 0
... b: int = 1
...
d = data(a=0, b="Hello")
Traceback (most recent call last):
File "<input>", line 1, in <module>
File "pydantic/main.py", line 346, in pydantic.main.BaseModel.__init__
pydantic.error_wrappers.ValidationError: 1 validation error for data
b
value is not a valid integer (type=type_error.integer)
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/63343360/dynamic-checking-of-type-hints-in-python-3-5