03:linux文件操作四剑客

对着背影说爱祢 提交于 2020-05-07 18:27:39

1.1 find查找命令

  1、find命令说明

      1. Linux find命令用来在指定目录下查找文件。

      2. 任何位于参数之前的字符串都将被视为欲查找的目录名。

      3. 如果使用该命令时,不设置任何参数,则find命令将在当前目录下查找子目录与文件。

-name            # 按文件名查找
-size            # 按文件大小查找
-perm            # 按权限查找
-mtime n         # 查找n天内修改内容的文件
-mmin n          # 查找n分钟内修改内容的文件

  2、find常用查找方法

# 查找当前目录下大于9M的文件详细信息
[root@linux-node1 /]# find . -size +9M | xargs ls -lh
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  24M Jul  7 04:18 ./aaa/Python-3.7.0/libpython3.7m.a
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root  14M Jul  7 04:19 ./aaa/Python-3.7.0/Programs/_testembed
-rwxr-xr-x  1 root root  14M Jul  7 04:18 ./aaa/Python-3.7.0/python
-rw-r--r--  1 root root  22M Jul  6 23:53 ./aaa/Python-3.7.0.tgz
-rw-------. 1 root root  47M Jan  7  2019 ./boot/initramfs-0-rescue-8b956f09fe0549c4b6182589acceab30.img
-rw-------. 1 root root  21M Jan  7  2019 ./boot/initramfs-3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64.img
-rw-------. 1 root root  14M Jan  7  2019 ./boot/initramfs-3.10.0-514.el7.x86_64kdump.img
find . -size +9M | xargs ls -lh : 查找当前目录下大于9M的文件详细信息
[root@linux-node1 /]# find . -type f -name "*.log" -size +1M -exec cp -av {} /tmp \;
cp: ‘./tmp/audit.log’ and ‘/tmp/audit.log’ are the same file
cp: ‘./tmp/journal.log’ and ‘/tmp/journal.log’ are the same file
find . -type f -name "*.log" -size +1M -exec cp -av {} /tmp \; 查找当前目录下以 .log 结尾且大于5M的文件,并复制到/tmp目录下
[root@linux-node1 /]# find /var -mtime +3 -mtime -5
/var/tmp
/var/lib/yum/yumdb/l
/var/lib/yum/yumdb/l/f20daac8f6b3893e42be72af22a5118848f
find /var -mtime +3 -mtime -5 在/var下查找更改时间在三天到五天的文件
[root@linux-node1 /]# find . -mmin +1 -mmin -3
./aa.py
find . -mmin +1 -mmin -3 查找当前文件夹下1分钟前3分钟内修改的文件

 1.2 grep指令

  1、grep指令说明     

      1. grep命令是一种强大的文本搜索工具,它能使用正则表达式搜索文本,并把匹 配的行打印出来

      2. grep搜索成功,则返回0,如果搜索不成功,则返回1,如果搜索的文件不存在,则返回2。

^linux         # 以linux开头的行
$php           # 以php结尾的行
.              # 匹配任意单字符
.+             # 匹配任意多个字符
.*             # 匹配0个或多个字符(可有可无)
[0-9a-z]       # 匹配中括号内任意一个字符
[abc]          # 表示匹配一个字符,这个字符必须是abc中的一个。
(linux)+       # 出现多次Linux单词
(web){2}       # web出现两次以上
\              # 屏蔽转义  

   2、grep常用查找方法

[root@linux-node1 /]# grep -n 'root' /etc/passwd
1:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
10:operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
grep -n 'root' /etc/passwd 查找/etc/passwd下包含 root字符串的文件
[root@linux-node1 /]# grep -Ev "root|nologin" /etc/passwd
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
grep -Ev "root|nologin" /etc/passwd 查找不包含root和nologin关键字的行
[root@linux-node1 /]# grep "root" /etc/{passwd,shadow}
/etc/passwd:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
/etc/passwd:operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
grep "root" /etc/{passwd,shadow}查找/etc/passwd和/etc/shadow文件中包含root关键字的行
[root@linux-node1 /]# grep -c root /etc/passwd
2
grep -c root /etc/passwd 统计/etc/passwd文件中包含root字符串行的数量

  3、grep其他用法

[root@linux-node1 ~]# grep -E -v "^$|^#" /etc/nginx/nginx.conf 
user  nginx;
worker_processes  1;
error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;
events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}
grep -E -v "^$|^#" /etc/nginx/nginx.conf : 去除空号和以#号开头的行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# seq 1 20 |grep -m 5 -E '[0-9]{2}'
10
11
12
13
14
seq 1 20 |grep -m 5 -E '[0-9]{2}'输出匹配的前五个结果
[root@linux-node1 ~]# seq 1 20 |grep -c -E '[0-9]{2}'
11
seq 1 20 |grep -c -E '[0-9]{2}'输出匹配多少行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# echo "a bc de" |xargs -n1 |grep '^b'
bc
echo "a bc de" |xargs -n1 |grep '^b'匹配以字符串"b"开头的行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# echo "a ab abc abcd abcde" |xargs -n1 |grep -n 'de$'
5:abcde
echo "a ab abc abcd abcde" |xargs -n1 |grep -n 'de$'匹配以"de"字符串结尾的行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# grep -r 'sshd' /etc --include *.conf           
/etc/sestatus.conf:/usr/sbin/sshd
/etc/sestatus.conf:/usr/sbin/sshd
grep -r 'sshd' /etc --include *.conf递归搜索/etc 目录下包含 "sshd"字符串 的 conf 后缀文件
[root@linux-node1 ~]# seq 41 45 |grep -E '4[12]'
41
42
seq 41 45 |grep -E '4[12]'匹配41/42数字

 1.3 sed流编辑器,过滤和替换文本

  1、sed指令说明

      1. sed 命令将当前处理的行读入模式空间进行处理,处理完把结果输出,并清空模式空间。

      2. 然后再将下一行读入模式空间进行处理输出,以此类推,直到最后一行。

      3. 还有一个暂存空间,可以暂时存放一些处理的数据,但不能直接输出,只能放到模式空间输出。

      4. 这两个空间其实就是在内存中初始化的一个内存区域,存放正在处理的数据和临时存放的数据

-n         # 只列出sed处理的哪一行内容
-e         # 直接在sed模式上进行sed动作编辑
-f         # 直接将sed动作写在一个文件内
-r         # 让sed指令支持扩展的正则表达式
'''1. 常用选项 '''
-n   # 不打印模式空间
-e   # 执行脚本、表达式来处理
-f   # 执行动作从文件读取执行
-i   # 修改原文件
-r   # 使用扩展正则表达式

'''2. 常用命令 '''
s/regexp/replacement/  # 替换字符串
p    # 打印当前模式空间
P    # 打印模式空间的第一行
d    # 删除模式空间,开始下一个循环
D    # 删除模式空间的第一行,开始下一个循环
=    # 打印当前行号
a \text    # 当前行追加文本
i \text    # 当前行上面插入文本
c \text    # 所选行替换新文本
q          # 立即退出 sed 脚本
r          # 追加文本来自文件
w filename # 写入当前模式空间到文件
!          # 取反、 否定

'''3. 常用地址 '''
$              # 匹配最后一行
/regexp/       # 正则表达式匹配行
number         # 只匹配指定行
addr1,addr2    # 开始匹配 addr1 行开始,直接 addr2 行结束
addr1,+N       # 从 addr1 行开始,向后的 N 行
addr1,~N       # 从 addr1 行开始,到 N 行结束
sed指令参数详解

  2、sed常用方法

[root@linux-node1 aaa]# nl /etc/passwd | sed '2,5d'
     1  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
     6  sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
     7  shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
     8  halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
     9  mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
    10  operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
nl /etc/passwd | sed '2,5d'将2~5行内容删除,然后打印到屏幕上
[root@linux-node1 aaa]# nl /etc/passwd | sed '2,5c "new content"'
     1  root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
"new content"
     6  sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
     7  shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown
     8  halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt
     9  mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
    10  operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin
nl /etc/passwd | sed '2,5c "new content"'将2~5行的内容替换成字符串 "new content"
[root@linux-node1 aaa]# nl /etc/passwd | sed '/root/d'
     2  bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
     3  daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
     4  adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
     5  lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
     6  sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
nl /etc/passwd | sed '/root/d'删除/etc/passwd所包含root的行
[root@linux-node1 aaa]# nl /etc/passwd | sed -e '3,$d' -e 's/root/mewusername/'
     1  mewusername:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
     2  bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
     
-e '3,$d'                       # 删除/etc/passwd第三行到末尾的数据
-e 's/root/nuwusername/'        # 将搜索到的内容 root替换成 newusername
nl /etc/passwd | sed -e '3,$d' -e 's/root/mewusername/' 提取到前两行数据,并将 root替换成 newusername

  3、sed匹配打印

[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed -n '/^blp5/p'
blp5            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
blp5            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
tail /etc/services |sed -n '/^blp5/p'打印匹配 blp5 开头的行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed -n '1p'
3gpp-cbsp       48049/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
tail /etc/services |sed -n '1p'打印第一行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed -n '1,3p'
3gpp-cbsp       48049/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
tail /etc/services |sed -n '1,3p'打印第一行至第三行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# seq 10 |sed -n '1~2p'
1
3
5
7
9
seq 10 |sed -n '1~2p'打印奇数行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed -n '$p'
matahari        49000/tcp               # Matahari Broker
tail /etc/services |sed -n '$p'打印最后一行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed -n '$!p'
3gpp-cbsp       48049/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
tail /etc/services |sed -n '$!p'不打印最后一行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed -n '/^blp5/,/^com/p'
blp5            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
blp5            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
tail /etc/services |sed -n '/^blp5/,/^com/p'匹配以"blp5开头"到"com开头"的所有行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed -n '/blp5/,$p'
blp5            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
blp5            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
tail /etc/services |sed -n '/blp5/,$p'匹配以"blp5"开头行到最后一行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# a=1
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed -n "$a,3p"
3gpp-cbsp       48049/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
tail /etc/services |sed -n "$a,3p"引用系统变量,用引号

  4、sed匹配删除

[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed '/blp5/d'
3gpp-cbsp       48049/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
com-bardac-dw   48556/udp               # com-bardac-dw
tail /etc/services |sed '/blp5/d' : 删除包含"blp5"的行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed '1d'
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
blp5            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
blp5            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
tail /etc/services |sed '1d' : 删除第一行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed '1~2d'
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
blp5            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
iqobject        48619/tcp               # iqobject
matahari        49000/tcp               # Matahari Broker
tail /etc/services |sed '1~2d'删除第一到第二行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# sed '/^#/d;/^$/d' /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user  nginx;
worker_processes  1;
error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
pid        /var/run/nginx.pid;
events {
    worker_connections  1024;
}
sed '/^#/d;/^$/d' /etc/nginx/nginx.conf去除空格或开头#号的行

  5、sed匹配替换

[root@linux-node1 ~]#  tail /etc/services |sed 's/blp5/test/'
3gpp-cbsp       48049/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
test            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
test            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
com-bardac-dw   48556/udp               # com-bardac-dw
tail /etc/services |sed 's/blp5/test/'替换 blp5 字符串为 test
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed -n 's/^blp5/test/p'
test            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
test            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
tail /etc/services |sed -n 's/^blp5/test/p'替换开头是 blp5 的字符串并打印
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed 's/48049/&.0/'
3gpp-cbsp       48049.0/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
blp5            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
blp5            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
tail /etc/services |sed 's/48049/&.0/'使用&命令引用匹配内容并替换
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services | sed '1,4s/blp5/test/'
3gpp-cbsp       48049/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
test            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
blp5            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
com-bardac-dw   48556/udp               # com-bardac-dw
iqobject        48619/tcp               # iqobject
iqobject        48619/udp               # iqobject
tail /etc/services | sed '1,4s/blp5/test/'将1到4行的"blp5"替换成"test"
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services | sed '/48129\/tcp/s/blp5/test/'
3gpp-cbsp       48049/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
test            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
blp5            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
com-bardac-dw   48556/udp               # com-bardac-dw
iqobject        48619/tcp               # iqobject
iqobject        48619/udp               # iqobject
matahari        49000/tcp               # Matahari Broker
tail /etc/services | sed '/48129\/tcp/s/blp5/test/' : 匹配"48129/tcp"并将此行的"blp5"替换成"test"
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed -e '1,2d' -e 's/blp5/test/'
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
test            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
test            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw

[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed '1,2d;s/blp5/test/'  # 也可以使用分好分隔
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
test            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
test            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
com-bardac-dw   48556/udp               # com-bardac-dw
iqobject        48619/tcp               # iqobject
tail /etc/services |sed -e '1,2d' -e 's/blp5/test/' : 删除前两行并将"blp5"替换成"test"

  6、sed添加新内容

i: 匹配行上面添加
a: 匹配航下面添加
c: 将匹配航替换成新内容
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed '/blp5/i \test'  #在 blp5 上一行添加 test
3gpp-cbsp       48049/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
test
blp5            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
test
blp5            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
tail /etc/services |sed '/blp5/i \test'在 blp5 上一行添加 test
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed '/blp5/a \test'  # 在 blp5 下一行添加 test
3gpp-cbsp       48049/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
blp5            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
test
blp5            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
test
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
com-bardac-dw   48556/udp               # com-bardac-dw 
tail /etc/services |sed '/blp5/a \test'在 blp5 下一行添加 test
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed '/blp5/c \test' 
3gpp-cbsp       48049/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
test
test
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
com-bardac-dw   48556/udp               # com-bardac-dw
tail /etc/services |sed '/blp5/c \test'匹配"blp5"的行替换成"test"
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed '2a \test'
3gpp-cbsp       48049/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
test
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
blp5            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
tail /etc/services |sed '2a \test' : 在第二行下面添加"test"

  7、文本操作

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
vim a.txt : 编写一个测试文件
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed '/blp5/r a.txt'
3gpp-cbsp       48049/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
isnetserv       48128/udp               # Image Systems Network Services
blp5            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
blp5            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
com-bardac-dw   48556/udp               # com-bardac-dw
iqobject        48619/tcp               # iqobject
iqobject        48619/udp               # iqobject
matahari        49000/tcp               # Matahari Broker
tail /etc/services |sed '/blp5/r a.txt' : 将文件读取追加到匹配行下面
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |sed '/blp5/w b.txt'  #只有下面两行被写入
blp5            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
blp5            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
tail /etc/services |sed '/blp5/w b.txt'将匹配行写入"b.txt"

1.4 awk指令

  1、awk指令说明

      1. awk是一种编程语言,用于在linux下对文本和数据进行处理

      2. awk的处理文件和数据处理方式是逐行扫描,寻找到匹配的行,并在这些行上进行你想要的操作

      3. 如果没有指定处理动作,则把匹配的行显示到屏幕上

//              # 匹配代码块,可以是字符串或正则表达式
{}              # 命令代码块,包含一条或多条命令
$0              # 表示整个当前行
$1              # 每行第一个字段
NF              # 字段数量变量
NR              # 每行的记录号,多文件记录递增
/[0-9][0-9]+/   # 两个或两个以上数字
/[0-9][0-9]*/   # 一个或一个以上数字
-F'[:#/]'       # 定义三个分隔符
FNR             # 与NR类似,不过多文件记录不递增,每个文件都从1开始
\t              # 制表符
\n              # 换行符
FS              # BEGIN时定义分隔符
RS              # 输入的记录分隔符, 默认为换行符(即文本是按一行一行输入)
~               # 匹配,与==相比不是精确比较
!~              # 不匹配,不精确比较
==              # 等于,必须全部相等,精确比较
!=              # 不等于,精确比较
&&             # 逻辑与
||              # 逻辑或
+               # 匹配时表示1个或1个以上

  2、awk常用指令

[root@linux-node1 aaa]# cat /etc/passwd |awk -F ':' '{print $1}'
root
bin
daemon
adm

-F ':'          # 使用 ":" 来分隔
'{print $1}'    # 打印第一列的数据
cat /etc/passwd |awk -F ':' '{print $1}' 以冒号为分隔打印第一列数据
[root@linux-node1 aaa]# cat /etc/passwd | awk -F ':' '{print $1"\t"$7}'
root    /bin/bash
bin     /sbin/nologin
daemon  /sbin/nologin
adm     /sbin/nologin
lp      /sbin/nologin
sync    /bin/sync

'{print $1"\t"$7}'        # 打印第一列和第七列数据,并以制表符分隔
cat /etc/passwd | awk -F ':' '{print $1"\t"$7}' 打印第一列和第七列数据,并以制表符分隔
[root@linux-node1 aaa]# awk -F ':'  '/root/{print $1}' /etc/passwd
root
operator
awk -F ':' '/root/{print $1}' /etc/passwd 搜索/etc/passwd有root关键字的所有行,只显示第一行
[root@linux-node1 aaa]# w|awk 'NR==1{print $6}'
2
w|awk 'NR==1{print $6}'显示第一行第六列的数据
[root@linux-node1 aaa]# awk -F: 'NR==5 || NR==6{print}' /etc/passwd 
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
awk -F: 'NR==5 || NR==6{print}' /etc/passwd 打印第五行和第六行数据
[root@linux-node1 aaa]# awk '!/mysql/' /etc/passwd    
root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin
daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin
adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin
lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin
sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync
awk '!/mysql/' /etc/passwd : 匹配所有 不包含 "mysql"关键字的行
[root@linux-node1 aaa]# awk '/mysql|mail/{print}' /etc/passwd 
mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin
awk '/mysql|mail/{print}' /etc/passwd : 匹配包含mysql 或者 mail的行

  3、awk基本语法

[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail -n3 /etc/services |awk -F'[ /]+' '{print $2}'  # 以空格或斜线分隔
48619
48619
49000
tail -n3 /etc/services |awk -F'[ /]+' '{print $2}' :以"空格"或"斜线"分隔
[root@linux-node1 ~]# awk -v a=123 'BEGIN{print a}'
123
awk -v a=123 'BEGIN{print a}' : 变量赋值
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail -n3 /etc/services |awk 'BEGIN{print "服务\t\t端口\t\t\t描述"}{print $0}END{print "===结束==="}' 
服务            端口                    描述
iqobject        48619/tcp               # iqobject
iqobject        48619/udp               # iqobject
matahari        49000/tcp               # Matahari Broker
===结束===
tail -n3 /etc/services |awk 'BEGIN{print "服务\t\t端口\t\t\t描述"}{print $0}END{print "===结束==="}'BEGIN{} END{}结合使用

  4、正则匹配

[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |awk '/^blp5/{print $0}'
blp5            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
blp5            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
tail /etc/services |awk '/^blp5/{print $0}' 匹配开头是 blp5 的行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |awk '/^[a-z0-9]{8} /{print $0}'
iqobject        48619/tcp               # iqobject
iqobject        48619/udp               # iqobject
matahari        49000/tcp               # Matahari Broker
tail /etc/services |awk '/^[a-z0-9]{8} /{print $0}' 匹配第一个字段是 8 个字符的行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |awk '/blp5/ || /tcp/{print $0}'
3gpp-cbsp       48049/tcp               # 3GPP Cell Broadcast Service Protocol
isnetserv       48128/tcp               # Image Systems Network Services
blp5            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
tail /etc/services |awk '/blp5/ && /tcp/{print $0}'匹配记录中包含 blp5 或 tcp 的行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# awk '! /^#/ && ! /^$/{print $0}' /etc/nginx/nginx.conf
user  nginx;
worker_processes  1;
error_log  /var/log/nginx/error.log warn;
awk '! /^#|^$/' /etc/nginx/nginx.conf 不匹配开头是#和空行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |awk '/^blp5/,/^com/'
blp5            48129/tcp               # Bloomberg locator
blp5            48129/udp               # Bloomberg locator
com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
tail /etc/services |awk '/^blp5/,/^com/'匹配以 "blp5开头" 到 "com开头" 之间的所有行

  5、NF

[root@linux-node1 ~]# echo "a b c d e f" |awk '{print NF}'
6
echo "a b c d e f" |awk '{print NF}'打印行数
[root@linux-node1 ~]# echo "a b c d e f" |awk '{print $1}'
a
echo "a b c d e f" |awk '{print $1}'打印第一行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# echo "a b c d e f" |awk '{print $NF}' : 打印最后一行
f
echo "a b c d e f" |awk '{print $NF}' : 打印最后一行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# echo "a b c d e f" |awk '{print $(NF-1)}' :打印倒数第二行
e
echo "a b c d e f" |awk '{print $(NF-1)}'打印倒数第二行
[root@linux-node1 ~]# echo "a b c d e f" |awk '{$NF="";$(NF-1)="";print $0}' :排除最后两个字段
a b c d
echo "a b c d e f" |awk '{$NF="";$(NF-1)="";print $0}' 排除最后两个字段

  6、NR

[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail -n5 /etc/services |awk '{print NR,$0}' :打印行号+内容
1 com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
2 com-bardac-dw   48556/udp               # com-bardac-dw
3 iqobject        48619/tcp               # iqobject
tail -n5 /etc/services |awk '{print NR,$0}' 打印行号+内容
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail -n5 /etc/services |awk 'NR==3{print $2}' :打印第三行第二列的值
48619/tcp
tail -n5 /etc/services |awk 'NR==3{print $2}' 打印第三行第二列的值
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail -n5 /etc/services |awk 'NR<=3{print NR,$0}' :打印前三行
1 com-bardac-dw   48556/tcp               # com-bardac-dw
2 com-bardac-dw   48556/udp               # com-bardac-dw
3 iqobject        48619/tcp               # iqobject
tail -n5 /etc/services |awk 'NR<=3{print NR,$0}'打印前三行

  7、操作符

'''在 awk 中,有 3 种情况表达式为假:数字 0,空字符串和未定义的值'''
[root@linux-node1 ~]# awk 'BEGIN{n=0;if(n)print "true";else print "false"}'
[root@linux-node1 ~]# awk 'BEGIN{s="";if(s)print "true";else print "false"}'
[root@linux-node1 ~]# awk 'BEGIN{if(s)print "true";else print "false"}'
awk三种为假的情况数字 0,空字符串和未定义的值
[root@linux-node1 ~]# seq 3 |awk '{print $0*2}' : 乘法
2
4
6
seq 3 |awk '{print $0*2}' : 乘法
[root@linux-node1 ~]# seq 3 |awk '{print $0/2}' :除法
0.5
1
1.5
seq 3 |awk '{print $0/2}'除法
[root@linux-node1 ~]# seq 5 |awk '$0%2==0{print $0}' :取余
2
4
seq 5 |awk '$0%2==0{print $0}'取余
[root@linux-node1 ~]# seq 5 |shuf |awk '{print $0|"sort"}' :先打乱再排序
1
2
3
4
5
seq 5 |shuf |awk '{print $0|"sort"}'先打乱再排序

  8、流程控制 (if 语句 )

      if (condition) statement [ else statement ]

[root@linux-node1 ~]# seq 5 |awk '{if($1==3)print $0}' :如果第一列的值等于3,打印出来
3
seq 5 |awk '{if($1==3)print $0}' 如果第一列的值等于3,打印出来
[root@linux-node1 ~]# echo "123abc#456cde 789aaa#aaabbb aaaa#eee666eeee " |xargs -n1 |awk -F# '{if($2~/[0-9]/)print $2}'  # $2~/[0-9]/ (如果第二行匹配到数字就打印)
456cde
eee666eeee
if+正则匹配
[root@linux-node1 ~]# seq 5 |awk '{if($0==3)print $0;else print "no"}' :双分支if
no
no
3
no
no
seq 5 |awk '{if($0==3)print $0;else print "no"}'双分支if
[root@linux-node1 ~]# awk 'BEGIN{a["a"]=123}END{if("a" in a)print "yes"}' < /dev/null :判断数组成员 
yes
awk 'BEGIN{a["a"]=123}END{if("a" in a)print "yes"}' < /dev/null判断数组成员
[root@linux-node1 ~]# awk 'BEGIN{print 1==1?"yes":"no"}' :三目运算符 
yes
awk 'BEGIN{print 1==1?"yes":"no"}'三目运算符

  9、多分支if、for循环、while语句

1 2 3
4 5 6
7 8 9
vim file : 编辑一个测试文件
[root@linux-node1 ~]# awk '{i=1;while(i<=NF){print $i;i++}}' file
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
awk '{i=1;while(i<=NF){print $i;i++}}' file遍历文件内容
[root@linux-node1 ~]# awk '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++)print $i}' file
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
awk '{for(i=1;i<=NF;i++)print $i}' filefor循环遍历
[root@linux-node1 ~]# awk '{for(i=NF;i>=1;i--)print $i}' file
3
2
1
6
5
4
9
8
7
awk '{for(i=NF;i>=1;i--)print $i}' file倒序打印
[root@linux-node1 ~]# awk 'BEGIN{for(i=1;i<=5;i++){if(i==3){break};print i}}'
1
2
awk 'BEGIN{for(i=1;i<=5;i++){if(i==3){break};print i}}' break语句
[root@linux-node1 ~]# awk 'BEGIN{for(i=1;i<=5;i++){if(i==3){continue};print i}}'
1
2
4
5
awk 'BEGIN{for(i=1;i<=5;i++){if(i==3){continue};print i}}'continue语句

  10、数组

[root@linux-node1 ~]# awk 'BEGIN{a[0]="test";print a[0]}'
test
awk 'BEGIN{a[0]="test";print a[0]}'自定义数组
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail -n5 /etc/passwd |awk -F: '{a[NR]=$1}END{for(v in a)print a[v],v}'
saltapi 4
nginx 5
sshd 1
chrony 2
tcpdump 3
tail -n5 /etc/passwd |awk -F: '{a[NR]=$1}END{for(v in a)print a[v],v}'for循环遍历数组
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |awk '{a[$1]++}END{for(v in a)print a[v],v}'
2 com-bardac-dw
1 3gpp-cbsp
2 iqobject
1 matahari
2 isnetserv
2 blp5
tail /etc/services |awk '{a[$1]++}END{for(v in a)print a[v],v}'统计相同字段出现次数
[root@linux-node1 ~]# netstat -antp |awk '/^tcp/{a[$6]++}END{for(v in a)print a[v],v}'
11 LISTEN
3 ESTABLISHED
netstat -antp |awk '/^tcp/{a[$6]++}END{for(v in a)print a[v],v}' :统计 TCP 连接状态(并发数)
[root@linux-node1 ~]# tail /etc/services |awk '{a[$1]++}END{for(v in a) if(a[v]>=2){print a[v],v}}'
2 com-bardac-dw
2 iqobject
2 isnetserv
2 blp5
tail /etc/services |awk '{a[$1]++}END{for(v in a) if(a[v]>=2){print a[v],v}}'只打印出现次数大于等于 2 的
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