问题
I have downloaded this program from Github: https://github.com/raph-amiard/ada-synth-lib
I have attemted the first example and I am presented with an exception. If anybody would be able to give me an insight into why this is, it would be massively appreciated. I've been stumped on this for a long time and I'm really keen to get this working.
The error I recieve is: raised PROGRAM_ERROR : waves.adb:110 accessibility check failed
Here is the main file:
with Waves; use Waves;
with Write_To_Stdout;
procedure Main is
Sine_Gen : constant access Sine_Generator := Create_Sine (Fixed (440.0));
begin
Write_To_Stdout (Sine_Gen);
end Main;
Here is the waves.adb file
with Effects; use Effects;
with Interfaces; use Interfaces;
package body Waves is
function Mod_To_Int (A : Unsigned_32) return Integer_32;
-------------------
-- Update_Period --
-------------------
procedure Update_Period
(Self : in out Wave_Generator'Class; Buffer : in out Period_Buffer)
is
begin
Self.Frequency_Provider.Next_Samples (Buffer);
for I in Buffer'Range loop
Buffer (I) :=
Utils.Period_In_Samples
(Frequency (Buffer (I)));
end loop;
end Update_Period;
------------
-- Create --
------------
function Create_Saw
(Freq_Provider : Generator_Access) return access Saw_Generator
is
begin
return new Saw_Generator'(Frequency_Provider => Freq_Provider,
Current => -1.0, others => <>);
end Create_Saw;
-----------------
-- Next_Sample --
-----------------
overriding procedure Next_Samples
(Self : in out Saw_Generator; Buffer : in out Generator_Buffer)
is
P_Buffer : Period_Buffer;
begin
Update_Period (Self, P_Buffer);
for I in Buffer'Range loop
Self.Step := 2.0 / Float (P_Buffer (I));
Self.Current := Self.Current + Sample (Self.Step);
if Self.Current > 1.0 then
Self.Current := Self.Current - 2.0;
end if;
Buffer (I) := Self.Current;
end loop;
end Next_Samples;
------------
-- Create --
------------
function Create_Square
(Freq_Provider : access Generator'Class) return access Square_Generator is
begin
return new Square_Generator'(Frequency_Provider =>
Generator_Access (Freq_Provider),
Is_High => True,
Current_Sample => 0,
others => <>);
end Create_Square;
-----------------
-- Next_Sample --
-----------------
overriding procedure Next_Samples
(Self : in out Square_Generator; Buffer : in out Generator_Buffer)
is
P_Buffer : Period_Buffer;
begin
Update_Period (Self, P_Buffer);
for I in Buffer'Range loop
Self.Current_Sample := Self.Current_Sample + 1;
declare
A : constant Period := Period (Self.Current_Sample)
/ P_Buffer (I);
begin
if A >= 1.0 then
Self.Current_Sample := 0;
Buffer (I) := 1.0;
end if;
Buffer (I) := (if A >= 0.5 then 1.0 else -1.0);
end;
end loop;
end Next_Samples;
------------
-- Create --
------------
function Create_Sine
(Freq_Provider : access Generator'Class) return access Sine_Generator
is
Ret : constant access Sine_Generator :=
new Sine_Generator'(Frequency_Provider =>
Generator_Access (Freq_Provider),
Current_Sample => 0,
Current_P => 0.0,
others => <>);
begin
Ret.Current_P := 0.0;
return Ret;
end Create_Sine;
-----------------
-- Next_Sample --
-----------------
overriding procedure Next_Samples
(Self : in out Sine_Generator; Buffer : in out Generator_Buffer)
is
P_Buffer : Period_Buffer;
begin
Update_Period (Self, P_Buffer);
for I in Buffer'Range loop
Self.Current_Sample := Self.Current_Sample + 1;
if Period (Self.Current_Sample) >= Self.Current_P then
Self.Current_P := P_Buffer (I) * 2.0;
Self.Current_Sample := 0;
end if;
Buffer (I) :=
Sample
(Sin
(Float (Self.Current_Sample)
/ Float (Self.Current_P) * Pi * 2.0));
end loop;
end Next_Samples;
------------
-- Create --
------------
function Create_Chain
(Gen : access Generator'Class;
Sig_Procs : Signal_Processors
:= No_Signal_Processors) return access Chain
is
Ret : constant access Chain :=
new Chain'(Gen => Generator_Access (Gen), others => <>);
begin
for P of Sig_Procs loop
Ret.Add_Processor (P);
end loop;
return Ret;
end Create_Chain;
-------------------
-- Add_Processor --
-------------------
procedure Add_Processor
(Self : in out Chain; P : Signal_Processor_Access) is
begin
Self.Processors (Self.Nb_Processors) := P;
Self.Nb_Processors := Self.Nb_Processors + 1;
end Add_Processor;
-----------------
-- Next_Sample --
-----------------
overriding procedure Next_Samples
(Self : in out Chain; Buffer : in out Generator_Buffer)
is
S : Sample;
begin
Self.Gen.Next_Samples (Buffer);
for J in Buffer'Range loop
S := Buffer (J);
for I in 0 .. Self.Nb_Processors - 1 loop
S := Self.Processors (I).Process (S);
end loop;
Buffer (J) := S;
end loop;
end Next_Samples;
---------
-- LFO --
---------
function LFO (Freq : Frequency; Amplitude : Float) return Generator_Access
is
Sin : constant Generator_Access := Create_Sine (Fixed (Freq));
begin
return new Attenuator'
(Level => Amplitude,
Source => new Transposer'(Source => Sin, others => <>), others => <>);
end LFO;
------------
-- Create --
------------
function Create_ADSR
(Attack, Decay, Release : Millisecond; Sustain : Scale;
Source : access Note_Generator'Class := null) return access ADSR
is
begin
return new ADSR'
(State => Off,
Source => Source,
Attack => Msec_To_Period (Attack),
Decay => Msec_To_Period (Decay),
Release => Msec_To_Period (Release),
Sustain => Sustain,
Current_P => 0, others => <>);
end Create_ADSR;
-----------------
-- Next_Sample --
-----------------
overriding procedure Next_Samples
(Self : in out ADSR; Buffer : in out Generator_Buffer)
is
Ret : Sample;
begin
for I in Buffer'Range loop
case Self.Source.Buffer (I).Kind is
when On =>
Self.Current_P := 0;
Self.State := Running;
when Off =>
Self.State := Release;
Self.Cur_Sustain := Scale (Self.Memo_Sample);
Self.Current_P := 0;
when No_Signal => null;
end case;
Self.Current_P := Self.Current_P + 1;
case Self.State is
when Running =>
if Self.Current_P in 0 .. Self.Attack then
Ret := Exp8_Transfer
(Sample (Self.Current_P) / Sample (Self.Attack));
elsif
Self.Current_P in Self.Attack + 1 .. Self.Attack + Self.Decay
then
Ret :=
Exp8_Transfer
(Float (Self.Decay + Self.Attack - Self.Current_P)
/ Float (Self.Decay));
Ret := Ret
* Sample (1.0 - Self.Sustain)
+ Sample (Self.Sustain);
else
Ret := Sample (Self.Sustain);
end if;
Self.Memo_Sample := Ret;
when Release =>
if Self.Current_P in 0 .. Self.Release then
Ret :=
Exp8_Transfer
(Sample (Self.Release - Self.Current_P)
/ Sample (Self.Release))
* Sample (Self.Cur_Sustain);
else
Self.State := Off;
Ret := 0.0;
end if;
when Off => Ret := 0.0;
end case;
Buffer (I) := Ret;
end loop;
end Next_Samples;
----------------------
-- Next_Sample --
----------------------
overriding procedure Next_Samples
(Self : in out Pitch_Gen; Buffer : in out Generator_Buffer)
is
Ret : Sample;
begin
if Self.Proc /= null then
Self.Proc.Next_Samples (Buffer);
end if;
for I in Buffer'Range loop
case Self.Source.Buffer (I).Kind is
when On =>
Self.Current_Note := Self.Source.Buffer (I).Note;
Self.Current_Freq :=
Note_To_Freq (Self.Current_Note, Self.Relative_Pitch);
when others => null;
end case;
Ret := Sample (Self.Current_Freq);
if Self.Proc /= null then
Ret := Ret + Buffer (I);
end if;
Buffer (I) := Ret;
end loop;
end Next_Samples;
------------------
-- Create_Noise --
------------------
function Create_Noise return access Noise_Generator
is
N : constant access Noise_Generator := new Noise_Generator;
begin
return N;
end Create_Noise;
F_Level : constant Sample := 2.0 / Sample (16#FFFFFFFF#);
G_X1 : Unsigned_32 := 16#67452301#;
G_X2 : Unsigned_32 := 16#EFCDAB89#;
Z : constant := 2 ** 31;
----------------
-- Mod_To_Int --
----------------
function Mod_To_Int (A : Unsigned_32) return Integer_32 is
Res : Integer_32;
begin
if A < Z then
return Integer_32 (A);
else
Res := Integer_32 (A - Z);
Res := Res - (Z - 1) - 1;
return Res;
end if;
end Mod_To_Int;
------------------
-- Next_Samples --
------------------
overriding procedure Next_Samples
(Self : in out Noise_Generator; Buffer : in out Generator_Buffer)
is
pragma Unreferenced (Self);
begin
for I in Buffer'Range loop
G_X1 := G_X1 xor G_X2;
Buffer (I) := Sample (Mod_To_Int (G_X2)) * F_Level;
G_X2 := G_X2 + G_X1;
end loop;
end Next_Samples;
------------------
-- Next_Samples --
------------------
overriding procedure Next_Samples
(Self : in out Fixed_Gen; Buffer : in out Generator_Buffer) is
begin
if Self.Proc /= null then
Self.Proc.Next_Samples (Buffer);
for I in Buffer'Range loop
Buffer (I) := Self.Val + Buffer (I);
end loop;
else
for I in Buffer'Range loop
Buffer (I) := Self.Val;
end loop;
end if;
end Next_Samples;
-----------
-- Reset --
-----------
overriding procedure Reset (Self : in out ADSR) is
begin
Base_Reset (Self);
Reset_Not_Null (Self.Source);
Self.Memo_Sample := 0.0;
end Reset;
-----------
-- Reset --
-----------
overriding procedure Reset (Self : in out Saw_Generator) is
begin
Base_Reset (Self);
Reset_Not_Null (Self.Frequency_Provider);
Self.Current := -1.0;
end Reset;
-----------
-- Reset --
-----------
overriding procedure Reset (Self : in out Square_Generator) is
begin
Base_Reset (Self);
Reset_Not_Null (Self.Frequency_Provider);
Self.Current_Sample := 0;
Self.Is_High := True;
end Reset;
-----------
-- Reset --
-----------
overriding procedure Reset (Self : in out Sine_Generator) is
begin
Base_Reset (Self);
Reset_Not_Null (Self.Frequency_Provider);
Self.Current_Sample := 0;
end Reset;
-----------
-- Reset --
-----------
overriding procedure Reset (Self : in out Noise_Generator) is
begin
Base_Reset (Self);
Reset_Not_Null (Self.Frequency_Provider);
end Reset;
-----------
-- Reset --
-----------
overriding procedure Reset (Self : in out Pitch_Gen) is
begin
Base_Reset (Self);
Reset_Not_Null (Self.Source);
Reset_Not_Null (Self.Proc);
end Reset;
-----------
-- Reset --
-----------
overriding procedure Reset (Self : in out Fixed_Gen) is
begin
Base_Reset (Self);
Reset_Not_Null (Self.Proc);
end Reset;
-----------
-- Reset --
-----------
overriding procedure Reset (Self : in out Chain) is
begin
Base_Reset (Self);
Reset_Not_Null (Self.Gen);
end Reset;
-----------
-- Fixed --
-----------
function Fixed
(Freq : Frequency;
Modulator : Generator_Access := null;
Name : String := "";
Min : Float := 0.0;
Max : Float := 5_000.0;
Param_Scale : Param_Scale_T := Linear)
return access Fixed_Gen
is
begin
return new
Fixed_Gen'
(Val => Sample (Freq),
Proc => Modulator,
Name => To_Unbounded_String (Name),
Min => Min,
Max => Max,
Param_Scale => Param_Scale,
others => <>);
end Fixed;
---------------
-- Set_Value --
---------------
overriding procedure Set_Value
(Self : in out Fixed_Gen; I : Natural; Val : Float)
is
pragma Unreferenced (I);
begin
Self.Val := Sample (Val);
end Set_Value;
---------------
-- Set_Value --
---------------
overriding procedure Set_Value
(Self : in out ADSR; I : Natural; Val : Float)
is
begin
case I is
when 0 => Self.Attack := Sec_To_Period (Val);
when 1 => Self.Decay := Sec_To_Period (Val);
when 2 => Self.Sustain := Scale (Val);
when 3 => Self.Release := Sec_To_Period (Val);
when others => raise Constraint_Error;
end case;
end Set_Value;
end Waves;
And lastly, the write_to_stdout.adb file
with Utils; use Utils;
with GNAT.OS_Lib;
procedure Write_To_Stdout (G : access Generator'Class)
is
function Sample_To_Int16 is new Sample_To_Int (Short_Integer);
Int_Smp : Short_Integer := 0;
Ignore : Integer;
Buffer : Generator_Buffer;
begin
loop
Next_Steps;
G.Next_Samples (Buffer);
for I in Buffer'Range loop
Int_Smp := Sample_To_Int16 (Buffer (I));
Ignore := GNAT.OS_Lib.Write
(GNAT.OS_Lib.Standout, Int_Smp'Address, Int_Smp'Size / 8);
end loop;
exit when Sample_Nb > 10_000_000;
Sample_Nb := Sample_Nb + Generator_Buffer_Length;
end loop;
end Write_To_Stdout;
Thank you for reading, and any guidance into solving this would be most appreicated.
Cheers,
Lloyd
回答1:
The function in question :
function Create_Sine
(Freq_Provider : access Generator'Class) return access Sine_Generator
is
Ret : constant access Sine_Generator :=
new Sine_Generator'(Frequency_Provider =>
Generator_Access (Freq_Provider),
Current_Sample => 0,
Current_P => 0.0,
others => <>);
begin
Ret.Current_P := 0.0;
return Ret;
end Create_Sine;
creates a new object, accessed by an access type in its local scope and returns a copy of the access. In this case it is probably OK but there is the possibility of similar cases where the object itself goes out of scope when the function returns, leaving a dangling access.
In this case it's probably overcautious since the only reference to the object is that returned, but the accessibility checks prohibit this whole class of potentially bug-ridden constructs. I say "probably" because the object could theoretically be allocated on the stack by some compilers, or in a locally owned storage pool rather than "the heap" for more reliable object lifetime management.
There is a solution : create the access in place in the returned object, rather than in an immediately discarded local object. Ada-2005 and later provide an "extended return" construct to allow this. It looks something like:
function Create_Sine
(Freq_Provider : access Generator'Class) return access Sine_Generator
is
begin
return Ret : constant access Sine_Generator :=
new Sine_Generator'( Frequency_Provider =>
Generator_Access (Freq_Provider),
Current_Sample => 0,
Current_P => 0.0,
others => <>)
do
-- initialisation actions here
Ret.Current_P := 0.0;
end return;
end Create_Sine;
not tested! but any of the usual sources should keep you straight now you know its name.
Here the caller owns the access type being initialised with the new object, so there is no danger of the access type out-living the accessed object.
There may be a better answer to this question overall. I have just addressed the immediate point, but the wider question is, do you need an access type here at all? In Ada the answer usually (but not always) is No. There are many cases where programmers coming from other languages just reach for the pointers, when there is a simpler or better way of doing things in Ada.
来源：https://stackoverflow.com/questions/60777489/ada-accessibility-check-raised