转载阿里巴巴首席技术官 最后发布于2019-08-08 20:23:56 阅读数 1402 收藏
此学习文是基于MySQL 8.0写的
得益于大神朋友的悉心指导解决不少坑,才写出此文,向大神奉上膝盖
要在MySQL中存储数据,就必须定义数据库和表结构(schema),这是一个主要的限制。为了应对这一点,从MySQL 5.7开始,MySQL支恃了 JavaScript对象表示(JavaScriptObject Notation,JSON) 数据类型。之前,这类数据不是单独的数据类型,会被存储为字符串。新的JSON数据类型提供了自动验证的JSON文档以及优化的存储格式。
JSON文档以二进制格式存储,它提供以下功能:
对文档元素的快速读取访问。
当服务器再次读取JSON文档时,不需要重新解析文本获取该值。
通过键或数组索引直接查找子对象或嵌套值,而不需要读取文档中的所有值。
创建一个测试表
-
mysql> create table employees.emp_details (
-
-> emp_no int primary key,
-
-> details json
-
-> );
-
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.17 sec)
-
-
mysql> desc employees.emp_details;
-
+---------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
-
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
-
+---------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
-
| emp_no | int( 11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
-
| details | json | YES | | NULL | |
-
+---------+---------+------+-----+---------+-------+
-
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
插入JSON
-
mysql> insert into employees.emp_details (emp_no, details)
-
-> values (' 1',
-
-> '{ "location":"IN","phone":"+11800000000","email":"abc@example.com","address":{"line1":"abc","line2":"xyz street","city":"Bangalore","pin":"560103"}}'
-
-> );
-
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.13 sec)
-
-
mysql> select emp_no, details from employees.emp_details;
-
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
| emp_no | details |
-
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
| 1 | {"email": "abc@example.com", "phone": "+11800000000", "address": {"pin": "560103", "city": "Bangalore", "line1": "abc", "line2": "xyz street"}, "location": "IN"} |
-
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
检索JSON
可以使用->和->>运算符检索JSON列的字段:
-
mysql> select emp_no, details -> '$.address.pin' pin
-
-> from employees.emp_details;
-
+--------+----------+
-
| emp_no | pin |
-
+--------+----------+
-
| 1 | "560103" |
-
+--------+----------+
-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
如果不用引号检索数据,可以使用->> 运算符(推荐此方式)
-
mysql> select emp_no, details ->> '$.address.pin' pin
-
-> from employees.emp_details;
-
+--------+--------+
-
| emp_no | pin |
-
+--------+--------+
-
| 1 | 560103 |
-
+--------+--------+
-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
JSON函数
MySQL提供了许多处理JSON数据的函数,让我们看看最常用的几种函数。
1. 优雅浏览
想要以优雅的格式显示JSON值,请使用JSON_PRETTY()函数
-
mysql> select emp_no, json_pretty(details)
-
-> from employees.emp_details\ G
-
*************************** 1. row ***************************
-
emp_no: 1
-
json_pretty(details): {
-
"email": "abc@example.com",
-
"phone": "+11800000000",
-
"address": {
-
"pin": "560103",
-
"city": "Bangalore",
-
"line1": "abc",
-
"line2": "xyz street"
-
},
-
"location": "IN"
-
}
-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
2. 查找
可以在WHERE子句中使用col ->> path运算符来引用JSON的某一列
-
mysql> select emp_no, details
-
-> from employees.emp_details
-
-> where details ->> '$.address.pin' = "560103";
-
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
| emp_no | details |
-
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
| 1 | {"email": "abc@example.com", "phone": "+11800000000", "address": {"pin": "560103", "city": "Bangalore", "line1": "abc", "line2": "xyz street"}, "location": "IN"} |
-
+--------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
也可以使用JSON_CONTAINS函数查询数据。如果找到了数据,则返回1,否则返回0
-
mysql> select json_contains(details ->> '$.address.pin', "560103")
-
-> from employees.emp_details;
-
+-----------------------------------------------------+
-
| json_contains(details ->> '$.address.pin', "560103") |
-
+-----------------------------------------------------+
-
| 1 |
-
+-----------------------------------------------------+
-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
如何查询一个key?使用JSON_CONTAINS_PATH函数检查address. line1是否存在
-
mysql> select json_contains_path(details, 'one', "$.address.line1")
-
-> from employees.emp_details;
-
+-------------------------------------------------------+
-
| json_contains_path(details, 'one', "$.address.line1") |
-
+-------------------------------------------------------+
-
| 1 |
-
+-------------------------------------------------------+
-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
one表示至少应该存在一个键,检查address.line1或者address.line2是否存在
-
mysql> select json_contains_path(details, 'one', "$.address.line1", "$.address.line2")
-
-> from employees.emp_details;
-
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
| json_contains_path(details, 'one', "$.address.line1", "$.address.line2") |
-
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
| 1 |
-
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
如果要检查address.line1或者address.line5是否同时存在,可以使用all,而不是one
-
mysql> select json_contains_path(details, 'all', "$.address.line1", "$.address.line5")
-
-> from employees.emp_details;
-
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
| json_contains_path(details, 'all', "$.address.line1", "$.address.line5") |
-
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
| 0 |
-
+--------------------------------------------------------------------------+
-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3. 修改
可以使用三种不同的函数来修改数据:JSON_SET()、JSON_INSERT()和JSON _REPLACE()。 在MySQL 8之前的版本中,我们还需要对整个列进行完整的更新,这并不是最佳的方法。
3.1. JSON_SET() 替换现有值并添加不存在的值
-
mysql> update employees.emp_details
-
-> set details = json_set(details, "$.address.pin", "560100", "$.nickname","kai")
-
-> where emp_no = 1;
-
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
-
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
-
-
mysql> select emp_no, json_pretty(details)
-
-> from employees.emp_details\ G
-
*************************** 1. row ***************************
-
emp_no: 1
-
json_pretty(details): {
-
"email": "abc@example.com",
-
"phone": "+11800000000",
-
"address": {
-
"pin": "560100",
-
"city": "Bangalore",
-
"line1": "abc",
-
"line2": "xyz street"
-
},
-
"location": "IN",
-
"nickname": "kai"
-
}
-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
3.2. JSON_INSERT() 插入值,但不替换现有值
在这种情况下,$.address.pin不会被更新,只会添加一个新的字段$.address.line4
-
mysql> update employees.emp_details
-
-> set details = json_insert(details, "$.address.pin", "560132", "$.address.line4","A Wing")
-
-> where emp_no = 1;
-
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
-
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
-
-
mysql> select emp_no, json_pretty(details)
-
-> from employees.emp_details\ G
-
*************************** 1. row ***************************
-
emp_no: 1
-
json_pretty(details): {
-
"email": "abc@example.com",
-
"phone": "+11800000000",
-
"address": {
-
"pin": "560100",
-
"city": "Bangalore",
-
"line1": "abc",
-
"line2": "xyz street",
-
"line4": "A Wing"
-
},
-
"location": "IN",
-
"nickname": "kai"
-
}
-
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
3.3. JSON_REPLACE()
仅替换现有值
在这种情况下,$.address.line5不会被添加, 只有$.address.pin会被更新
-
mysql> update employees.emp_details
-
-> set details = json_replace(details, "$.address.pin", "560132", "$.address.line5","Landmark")
-
-> where emp_no = 1;
-
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
-
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
-
-
mysql> select emp_no, json_pretty(details)
-
-> from employees.emp_details\ G
-
*************************** 1. row ***************************
-
emp_no: 1
-
json_pretty(details): {
-
"email": "abc@example.com",
-
"phone": "+11800000000",
-
"address": {
-
"pin": "560132",
-
"city": "Bangalore",
-
"line1": "abc",
-
"line2": "xyz street",
-
"line4": "A Wing"
-
},
-
"location": "IN",
-
"nickname": "kai"
-
}
-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4. 删除 JSON_REMOVE能从JSON文档中删除数据
-
mysql> update employees.emp_details
-
-> set details = json_remove(details, "$.address.line4")
-
-> where emp_no = 1;
-
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
-
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
-
-
mysql> select emp_no, json_pretty(details)
-
-> from employees.emp_details\ G
-
*************************** 1. row ***************************
-
emp_no: 1
-
json_pretty(details): {
-
"email": "abc@example.com",
-
"phone": "+11800000000",
-
"address": {
-
"pin": "560132",
-
"city": "Bangalore",
-
"line1": "abc",
-
"line2": "xyz street"
-
},
-
"location": "IN",
-
"nickname": "kai"
-
}
-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
5. 其他函数
JSON_KEYS():获取JSON文档中的所有键
-
mysql> select json_keys(details),json_keys(details ->> "$.address")
-
-> from employees.emp_details
-
-> where emp_no= 1;
-
+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
-
| json_keys(details) | json_keys(details ->> "$.address") |
-
+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
-
| [ "email", "phone", "address", "location", "nickname"] | ["pin", "city", "line1", "line2"] |
-
+-------------------------------------------------------+------------------------------------+
-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
JSON_LENGTH():给出JSON文档中的元素数
-
mysql> select json_length(details), json_length(details ->> "$.address")
-
-> from employees.emp_details
-
-> where emp_no= 1;
-
+----------------------+--------------------------------------+
-
| json_length(details) | json_length(details ->> "$.address") |
-
+----------------------+--------------------------------------+
-
| 5 | 4 |
-
+----------------------+--------------------------------------+
-
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
延伸阅读: https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/json-function-reference.html
来源:oschina
链接:https://my.oschina.net/u/4398177/blog/3234540