ASP.NET Core技术研究-探秘Host主机启动过程

三世轮回 提交于 2020-04-13 08:00:30
原文: ASP.NET Core技术研究-探秘Host主机启动过程

当我们将原有ASP.NET 应用程序升级迁移到ASP.NET Core之后,我们发现代码工程中多了两个类Program类和Startup类。

接下来我们详细探秘一下通用主机Host的启动过程。

一、Program类的Main函数入口

Program类最重要的功能就是启动主机,这里有一个主机的概念,是ASP.NET Core全新引入的。

主机负责应用程序启动和生存期管理。 同时,主机也是封装应用程序资源的对象:

  • 依赖注入 (DI)
  • Logging
  • Configuration
  • IHostedService 实现

启动主机时,它在 DI 容器中找到 IHostedService 的每个实现,然后调用 IHostedService.StartAsync。 在 web 应用中,其中一个 IHostedService 的实现是启动 HTTP 服务器实现的 web 服务。这里的HTTP服务器默认是Kestrel。

即:ASP.NET Core主机启动时,会启动一个HTTP服务器,默认是Kestrel。启动后监听并响应某个端口的HTTP请求。

我们继续看Program类的代码: 

  

   从上述代码可以看到,Main函数中首先调用CreateHostBuilder方法,返回一个IHostBuilder。然后调用IHostBuilder.Build()方法完成

二、Host.CreateDefaultBuilder(args): 构造IHostBuilder的默认实现HostBuilder

   在CreateHostBuilder方法内部,首先调用了Host.CreateDefaultBuilder构造了一个HostBuilder,这个我们先看下源码,看看到底Host类内部做了什么操作:

   https://github.com/dotnet/extensions/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Hosting/src/Host.cs

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public static IHostBuilder CreateDefaultBuilder( string [] args)
         {
             var builder = new HostBuilder();
 
             builder.UseContentRoot(Directory.GetCurrentDirectory());
             builder.ConfigureHostConfiguration(config =>
             {
                 config.AddEnvironmentVariables(prefix: "DOTNET_" );
                 if (args != null )
                 {
                     config.AddCommandLine(args);
                 }
             });
 
             builder.ConfigureAppConfiguration((hostingContext, config) =>
             {
                 var env = hostingContext.HostingEnvironment;
 
                 config.AddJsonFile( "appsettings.json" , optional: true , reloadOnChange: true )
                       .AddJsonFile($ "appsettings.{env.EnvironmentName}.json" , optional: true , reloadOnChange: true );
 
                 if (env.IsDevelopment() && ! string .IsNullOrEmpty(env.ApplicationName))
                 {
                     var appAssembly = Assembly.Load( new AssemblyName(env.ApplicationName));
                     if (appAssembly != null )
                     {
                         config.AddUserSecrets(appAssembly, optional: true );
                     }
                 }
 
                 config.AddEnvironmentVariables();
 
                 if (args != null )
                 {
                     config.AddCommandLine(args);
                 }
             })
             .ConfigureLogging((hostingContext, logging) =>
             {
                 var isWindows = RuntimeInformation.IsOSPlatform(OSPlatform.Windows);
 
                 // IMPORTANT: This needs to be added *before* configuration is loaded, this lets
                 // the defaults be overridden by the configuration.
                 if (isWindows)
                 {
                     // Default the EventLogLoggerProvider to warning or above
                     logging.AddFilter<EventLogLoggerProvider>(level => level >= LogLevel.Warning);
                 }
 
                 logging.AddConfiguration(hostingContext.Configuration.GetSection( "Logging" ));
                 logging.AddConsole();
                 logging.AddDebug();
                 logging.AddEventSourceLogger();
 
                 if (isWindows)
                 {
                     // Add the EventLogLoggerProvider on windows machines
                     logging.AddEventLog();
                 }
             })
             .UseDefaultServiceProvider((context, options) =>
             {
                 var isDevelopment = context.HostingEnvironment.IsDevelopment();
                 options.ValidateScopes = isDevelopment;
                 options.ValidateOnBuild = isDevelopment;
             });
 
             return builder;
         }

  从上述代码中,可以看到CreateDefaultBuilder内部构造了一个HostBuilder,同时设置了:

  • 将内容根目录(contentRootPath)设置为由 GetCurrentDirectory 返回的路径。
  • 通过以下源加载主机配置
    • 环境变量(DOTNET_前缀)配置
    • 命令行参数配置
  •      通过以下对象加载应用配置
    • appsettings.json 
    • appsettings.{Environment}.json
    • 密钥管理器 当应用在 Development 环境中运行时
    • 环境变量
    • 命令行参数
  •      添加日志记录提供程序
    • 控制台
    • 调试
    • EventSource
    • EventLog( Windows环境下)
  • 当环境为“开发”时,启用范围验证和依赖关系验证。

   以上构造完成了HostBuilder,针对ASP.NET Core应用,代码继续调用了HostBuilder.ConfigureWebHostDefaults方法。

三、IHostBuilder.ConfigureWebHostDefaults:通过GenericWebHostBuilderHostBuilder增加ASP.NET Core的运行时设置

    构造完成HostBuilder之后,针对ASP.NET Core应用,继续调用了HostBuilder.ConfigureWebHostDefaults方法。这是一个ASP.NET Core的一个扩展方法:

    

      我们继续看ConfigureWebHostDefaults扩展方法内部做了哪些事情:

      源码连接:https://github.com/dotnet/aspnetcore/blob/master/src/DefaultBuilder/src/GenericHostBuilderExtensions.cs      

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using System;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore;
 
namespace Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting
{
     /// <summary>
     /// Extension methods for configuring the IWebHostBuilder.
     /// </summary>
     public static class GenericHostBuilderExtensions
     {
         /// <summary>
         /// Initializes a new instance of the <see cref="IWebHostBuilder"/> class with pre-configured defaults.
         /// </summary>
         /// <remarks>
         ///   The following defaults are applied to the <see cref="IWebHostBuilder"/>:
         ///     use Kestrel as the web server and configure it using the application's configuration providers,
         ///     adds the HostFiltering middleware,
         ///     adds the ForwardedHeaders middleware if ASPNETCORE_FORWARDEDHEADERS_ENABLED=true,
         ///     and enable IIS integration.
         /// </remarks>
         /// <param name="builder">The <see cref="IHostBuilder" /> instance to configure</param>
         /// <param name="configure">The configure callback</param>
         /// <returns>The <see cref="IHostBuilder"/> for chaining.</returns>
         public static IHostBuilder ConfigureWebHostDefaults( this IHostBuilder builder, Action<IWebHostBuilder> configure)
         {
             return builder.ConfigureWebHost(webHostBuilder =>
             {
                 WebHost.ConfigureWebDefaults(webHostBuilder);
 
                 configure(webHostBuilder);
             });
         }
     }
}
© 2020 GitHub, Inc.

  首先,通过类GenericHostWebHostBuilderExtensions,对IHostBuilder扩展一个方法:ConfigureWebHost:builder.ConfigureWebHost

     在这个扩展方法中实现了对IWebHostBuilder的依赖注入:即将GenericWebHostBuilder实例传入方法ConfigureWebHostDefaults内部

     代码连接:https://github.com/dotnet/aspnetcore/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Hosting/src/GenericHostWebHostBuilderExtensions.cs

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using System;
using Microsoft.AspNetCore.Hosting;
using Microsoft.Extensions.DependencyInjection;
 
namespace Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting
{
     public static class GenericHostWebHostBuilderExtensions
     {
         public static IHostBuilder ConfigureWebHost( this IHostBuilder builder, Action<IWebHostBuilder> configure)
         {
             var webhostBuilder = new GenericWebHostBuilder(builder);
             configure(webhostBuilder);
             builder.ConfigureServices((context, services) => services.AddHostedService<GenericWebHostService>());
             return builder;
         }
     }
}

   通过GenericWebHostBuilder的构造函数GenericWebHostBuilder(buillder),将已有的HostBuilder增加了ASP.NET Core运行时设置。

   可以参考代码:https://github.com/dotnet/aspnetcore/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Hosting/src/GenericHost/GenericWebHostBuilder.cs

   。。。

   先看到这,让我们回到ConfigureWebHostDefaults:

   将上面两段代码合并一下进行理解:ConfigureWebHostDefaults做了两件事情:

   1. 扩展IHostBuilder增加ConfigureWebHost,引入IWebHostBuilder的实现GenericWebHostBuilder,将已有的HostBuilder增加ASP.NET Core运行时的设置。

   2. ConfigureWebHost代码中的configure(webhostBuilder):对注入的IWebHostBuilder,调用 WebHost.ConfigureWebDefaults(webHostBuilder),启用各类设置,如下代码解读: 

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internal static void ConfigureWebDefaults(IWebHostBuilder builder)
        {
            builder.ConfigureAppConfiguration((ctx, cb) =>
            {
                if (ctx.HostingEnvironment.IsDevelopment())
                {
                    StaticWebAssetsLoader.UseStaticWebAssets(ctx.HostingEnvironment, ctx.Configuration);
                }
            });
            builder.UseKestrel((builderContext, options) =>
            {
                options.Configure(builderContext.Configuration.GetSection( "Kestrel" ));
            })
            .ConfigureServices((hostingContext, services) =>
            {
                // Fallback
                services.PostConfigure<HostFilteringOptions>(options =>
                {
                    if (options.AllowedHosts == null || options.AllowedHosts.Count == 0)
                    {
                        // "AllowedHosts": "localhost;127.0.0.1;[::1]"
                        var hosts = hostingContext.Configuration[ "AllowedHosts" ]?.Split( new [] { ';' }, StringSplitOptions.RemoveEmptyEntries);
                        // Fall back to "*" to disable.
                        options.AllowedHosts = (hosts?.Length > 0 ? hosts : new [] { "*" });
                    }
                });
                // Change notification
                services.AddSingleton<IOptionsChangeTokenSource<HostFilteringOptions>>(
                            new ConfigurationChangeTokenSource<HostFilteringOptions>(hostingContext.Configuration));
 
                services.AddTransient<IStartupFilter, HostFilteringStartupFilter>();
 
                if ( string .Equals( "true" , hostingContext.Configuration[ "ForwardedHeaders_Enabled" ], StringComparison.OrdinalIgnoreCase))
                {
                    services.Configure<ForwardedHeadersOptions>(options =>
                    {
                        options.ForwardedHeaders = ForwardedHeaders.XForwardedFor | ForwardedHeaders.XForwardedProto;
                        // Only loopback proxies are allowed by default. Clear that restriction because forwarders are
                        // being enabled by explicit configuration.
                        options.KnownNetworks.Clear();
                        options.KnownProxies.Clear();
                    });
 
                    services.AddTransient<IStartupFilter, ForwardedHeadersStartupFilter>();
                }
 
                services.AddRouting();
            })
            .UseIIS()
            .UseIISIntegration();
        }

      内部实现了:

  3. 返回ConfigureWebHostDefaults代码中的configure(webHostBuilder):执行Program类中的webBuilder.UseStartup<Startup>();

  第三章节中,以上过程完成了IHostBuilder.ConfigureWebHostDefaults,通过GenericWebHostBuilder对HostBuilder增加ASP.NET Core的运行时设置。

  接下来继续Build和Run的过程。

四、CreateHostBuilder(args).Build().Run();

  CreateHostBuilder返回的IHostBuilder,我们通过代码Debug,看一下具体的类型:Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting.HostBuilder,这样进一步验证了前三个章节的代码。

  

  1. Build的过程

  先看下Build的源码:https://github.com/dotnet/extensions/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Hosting/src/HostBuilder.cs

  

      Build的过程主要完成了:

  • BuildHostConfiguration: 构造配置系统,初始化 IConfiguration _hostConfiguration;
  • CreateHostingEnvironment:构建主机HostingEnvironment环境信息,包含ApplicationName、EnvironmentName、ContentRootPath等
  • CreateHostBuilderContext:创建主机Build上下文HostBuilderContext,上下文中包含:HostingEnvironment和Configuration
  • BuildAppConfiguration:构建应用程序配置
  • CreateServiceProvider:创建依赖注入服务提供程序,  即依赖注入容器

  2. Run的过程

     我们先通过Debug,看一下Host的信息:Microsoft.Extensions.Hosting.Internal.Host

     

      这个Run方法也是一个扩展方法:HostingAbstractionsHostExtensions.Run

      代码链接:https://github.com/dotnet/extensions/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Abstractions/src/HostingAbstractionsHostExtensions.cs

      

     其实内部转调的还是Host.StartAsync方法,在内部启动了DI依赖注入容器中所有注册的服务。

     代码链接:https://github.com/dotnet/extensions/blob/release/3.1/src/Hosting/Hosting/src/Internal/Host.cs

     

   整个Host主机的启动过程还是非常复杂的,我们只是简单的在代码层面研究了一遍,感觉只是有了个大致的轮廓,具体怎么执行的,是不是如上面代码的解释,还需要深入继续研究。

   接下来下一篇文章准备把源码单步调试看看。加深对ASP.NET Core底层技术原理的理解,只有理解了底层技术实现,我们在应用层才能更好、正确的使用。

   

周国庆

2020/4/6

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