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java序列化

由 十年热恋 提交于 2020-04-11 08:05:47

Java序列化Serialize

序列化与反序列化

序列化：把对象写入到流中

反序列化：把对象从流中读取出来

什么情况下序列化

  1. 对象需要通过网络进行传输
  2. 需要持久化对象到磁盘
  3. 需要持久化对象到数据库（把对象通过字节流的方式存储）

序列化的实现方式

实现Serializable接口

  • Serializable是一个标记接口，接口中没有任何方法
  • 需要序列化的对象除基本数据类型属性外其他属性也必须实现Serializable接口
public class Student implements Serializable{

	private static final long serialVersionUID = 2992794326818594180L;
	
	private String name;
	private int age;
	//省略constructor、setter、getter、toString
}

@Test
public void test1() throws Exception {
  Student s1=new Student("tom",20);
  System.out.println(s1);
  ObjectOutputStream oos=new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("D:/student.txt"));
  oos.writeObject(s1);

  ObjectInputStream ois=new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("D:/student.txt"));
  Student s2=(Student)ois.readObject();
  System.out.println(s2);
}
输出：
Student [name=tom, age=20]
Student [name=tom, age=20]

如果序列化对象的非基本数据类型属性没有实现Serialize接口，会抛出NotSerializableException异常

public class Student implements Serializable{

	private static final long serialVersionUID = 2992794326818594180L;
	
	private String name;
	private int age;
	private School school;
	//省略constructor、setter、getter、toString
}
class School{
	private String name;
	//省略constructor、setter、getter、toString
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws FileNotFoundException, IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
  Student s1=new Student("tom",20,new School("xw"));
  System.out.println(s1);
  ObjectOutputStream oos=new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("D:/student.txt"));
  oos.writeObject(s1);

  ObjectInputStream ois=new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("D:/student.txt"));
  Student s2=(Student)ois.readObject();
  System.out.println(s2);
}

输出：
java.io.NotSerializableException: com.moyuduo.analyze.School

实现Externaliable接口并实现方法

  • 序列化对象的非基本数据类型外其他类型必须实现Serializable接口或Externaliable接口
  • 实现Externaliable的类必须提供无参构造器，因为在反序列化的时候需要使用无参构造器创建对象

这种方式比实现Serializable接口略复杂，但是可以实现更加复杂的控制，因为实现Externaliable接口重写方法需要我们自己指定序列化规则（可以对序列化进行加密产生字节）和反序列化规则（序列化规则的逆过程）

实现Externaliable接口方式比实现Serializable接口方式的效率高

public class Student implements Externalizable{


  private String name;
  private int age;
  private School school;

  public Student() {//必须加无参构造器
    System.out.println("Student无参构造器");
  }
  //省略有参constructor、setter、getter、toString
  @Override
  public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException {
    out.writeObject(new StringBuffer(this.name).reverse().toString());
    out.writeInt(this.age);
    out.writeObject(this.school);
  }
  @Override
  public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
    this.name=new StringBuffer((String)in.readObject()).reverse().toString();
    this.age=in.readInt();
    this.school=(School)in.readObject();
  }



}
class School implements Externalizable{
  private String name;
  public School() {
    System.out.println("School无参构造器");
  }
  //省略有参constructor、setter、getter、toString

  @Override
  public void writeExternal(ObjectOutput out) throws IOException {
    out.writeObject(new StringBuffer(this.name).reverse().toString());
  }

  @Override
  public void readExternal(ObjectInput in) throws IOException, ClassNotFoundException {
    this.name=new StringBuffer((String)in.readObject()).reverse().toString();
  }


}

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
  Student s1=new Student("tom",20,new School("xh"));
  System.out.println(s1);
  ObjectOutputStream oos=new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("D:/student.txt"));
  oos.writeObject(s1);
  oos.close();

  ObjectInputStream ois=new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("D:/student.txt"));
  Student s2=(Student)ois.readObject();
  System.out.println(s2);
  ois.close();
}

输出：
Student [name=tom, age=20, school=School [name=xh]]
Student无参构造器
School无参构造器
Student [name=tom, age=20, school=School [name=xh]]

部分属性序列化

使用transient关键字

被transient关键字修饰的属性，在对象序列化时不会序列化，而且反序列化得到的该属性值是默认值

public class Student implements Serializable{
  private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

  private String name;
  private transient int age;
  //省略constructor、setter、getter、toString
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
  Student s=new Student("tom",20);
  System.out.println(s);
  ObjectOutputStream oos=new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("D:/student.txt"));
  oos.writeObject(s);
  oos.close();

  ObjectInputStream ois=new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("D:/student.txt"));
  Student s2=(Student)ois.readObject();
  System.out.println(s2);
  ois.close();
}
输出：
Student [name=tom, age=20]
Student [name=tom, age=0]

自定义属性序列化

  • 可以实现Externalizable接口并在序列化方法writeExternal中序列化需要的属性
  • 可以实现Serializable接口，并自己定义
private void writeObject(java.io.ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException；
private void readObject(java.io.ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException,ClassNotFoundException;
private void readObjectNoData() throws ObjectStreamException;

writeObject方法序列化需要的属性

public class Student implements Serializable{
  private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

  private String name;
  private int age;
  //省略constructor、setter、getter、toString
  private void writeObject(ObjectOutputStream out) throws IOException{
    out.writeObject(this.name);
  }
  private void readObject(ObjectInputStream in) throws IOException,ClassNotFoundException{
    this.name=(String)in.readObject();
  }
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
  Student s=new Student("tom",20);
  System.out.println(s);
  ObjectOutputStream oos=new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("D:/student.txt"));
  oos.writeObject(s);
  oos.close();

  ObjectInputStream ois=new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("D:/student.txt"));
  Student s2=(Student)ois.readObject();
  System.out.println(s2);
  ois.close();
}
输出：
Student [name=tom, age=20]
Student [name=tom, age=0]

序列化对象的static属性

在对象进行序列化时，被static修饰的属性并不会进行序列化

public class Student implements Serializable{
  private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

  private String name;
  public static int age;
  //省略constructor、setter、getter、toString
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
  Student s=new Student("tom");
  Student.age=20;
  System.out.println(s);
  ObjectOutputStream oos=new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("D:/student.txt"));
  oos.writeObject(s);
  oos.close();

  Student.age=30;
  ObjectInputStream ois=new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("D:/student.txt"));
  Student s2=(Student)ois.readObject();
  System.out.println(s2);
  ois.close();
}
输出：
Student [name=tom,age=20]
Student [name=tom,age=30]

可以看到Student的static属性age并没有被序列化输出

实现Serializable的类需要提供一个serialVersionUID

serialVersionUID是用于确定版本信息的，如果不指定JVM会根据类信息自动生成一个，JVM会根据两个serialVersionUID判断是否是同一个类，如果serialVersionUID不一致，会抛出InvalidClassException异常

一般建议显式指定serialVersionUID，如果类中添加了新的属性，而想进行向下兼容的话，可以不改变serialVersionUID，那么反序列化后新添加的属性就是默认值

如果删除了类的属性，就需要修改serialVersionUID

public class Student implements Serializable{
  private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;

  private String name;
  private int age;
  //省略constructor、setter、getter、toString
}

//把对象写出去
@Test
public void test4() throws IOException {
  Student s=new Student("tom",20);
  System.out.println(s);
  ObjectOutputStream oos=new ObjectOutputStream(new FileOutputStream("D:/student.txt"));
  oos.writeObject(s);
  oos.close();
}

//删除Student的age属性,并修改serialVersionUID
public class Student implements Serializable{
  private static final long serialVersionUID = 2L;

  private String name;
  //省略constructor、setter、getter、toString
}

//读取对象
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
  Student s=new Student("tom");
  ObjectInputStream ois=new ObjectInputStream(new FileInputStream("D:/student.txt"));
  Student s2=(Student)ois.readObject();
  System.out.println(s2);
  ois.close();
}
输出：
Exception in thread "main" java.io.InvalidClassException: com.moyuduo.analyze.Student; local class incompatible: stream classdesc serialVersionUID = 1, local class serialVersionUID = 2
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