摘要:迭代器是C#2.0中添加的功能,它能够使我们在类或结构中支持foreach迭代,而不必实现整个IEnumerable/IEnumerable接口。今天我们就一块看一下什么是c#中的迭代器吧。
主要内容:
1.foreach的运行机制
2.传统集合的遍历
3.使用迭代器
一、foreach的运行机制
我们在程序中经常会用到foreach,如果你把它理解成是for的一种简写形式的话那就太大材小用了,事实上foreach中包含了丰富的内容。我们知道要使用foreach遍历集合就必须实现IEnumerable接口,而要实现IEnumerable接口就要实现IEnumerator接口。关于如何实现这两个接口我们在第二部分会看到,在谈foreach的运行机制之前请允许我使用msdn中的Person类(我们下面的几部分中我们还会用到相关的People和PeopleEnum类):
View Code
1 using System;
2 using System.Collections.Generic;
3 using System.Linq;
4 using System.Text;
5
6 namespace IteratorDemo
7 {
8 class Person
9 {
10 public Person(string fName, string lName)
11 {
12 this.firstName = fName;
13 this.lastName = lName;
14 }
15
16 publicstring firstName;
17 publicstring lastName;
18 }
19 }
2 using System.Collections.Generic;
3 using System.Linq;
4 using System.Text;
5
6 namespace IteratorDemo
7 {
8 class Person
9 {
10 public Person(string fName, string lName)
11 {
12 this.firstName = fName;
13 this.lastName = lName;
14 }
15
16 publicstring firstName;
17 publicstring lastName;
18 }
19 }
当然具体细节我就不再说了,有了上面的Person类我们就可以运行下面的代码了:
View Code
1 using System;
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class Program
10 {
11 staticvoid Main(string[] args)
12 {
13 Person[] persons =new Person[] {
14 new Person("Kenshin","Cui"),
15 new Person("Miaoer","Sun"),
16 new Person("Jinjuan","Shen"),
17 new Person("Yanxin","Nie")
18 };
19 foreach (Person p in persons)
20 {
21 Console.WriteLine(p.firstName +""+ p.lastName);
22 }
23 Console.Read();
24 }
25
26 }
27 }
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class Program
10 {
11 staticvoid Main(string[] args)
12 {
13 Person[] persons =new Person[] {
14 new Person("Kenshin","Cui"),
15 new Person("Miaoer","Sun"),
16 new Person("Jinjuan","Shen"),
17 new Person("Yanxin","Nie")
18 };
19 foreach (Person p in persons)
20 {
21 Console.WriteLine(p.firstName +""+ p.lastName);
22 }
23 Console.Read();
24 }
25
26 }
27 }
具体的运行结果也没有什么可说的,可是为什么会有这样的结果呢?原因可以分两层来解释:第一就是我们的Persons是使用[]符号声明,这是一个Array类的记号。而Array类实现了IEnumerable接口中GetEnumerator()方法,因此它可以使用foreach进行迭代;第二,之所以实现IEnumerable接口的GetEnumerator()方法就能够迭代是因为foreach将上面的代码解析成如下的形式:
View Code
1 using System;
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class Program
10 {
11 staticvoid Main(string[] args)
12 {
13 Person[] persons =new Person[] {
14 new Person("Kenshin","Cui"),
15 new Person("Miaoer","Sun"),
16 new Person("Jinjuan","Shen"),
17 new Person("Yanxin","Nie")
18 };
19
20 //等价的方法
21 IEnumerator enuerator = persons.GetEnumerator();
22 while (enuerator.MoveNext())
23 {
24 Person p = enuerator.Current as Person;
25 Console.WriteLine(p.firstName +""+ p.lastName);
26 }
27 Console.Read();
28 }
29
30 }
31 }
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class Program
10 {
11 staticvoid Main(string[] args)
12 {
13 Person[] persons =new Person[] {
14 new Person("Kenshin","Cui"),
15 new Person("Miaoer","Sun"),
16 new Person("Jinjuan","Shen"),
17 new Person("Yanxin","Nie")
18 };
19
20 //等价的方法
21 IEnumerator enuerator = persons.GetEnumerator();
22 while (enuerator.MoveNext())
23 {
24 Person p = enuerator.Current as Person;
25 Console.WriteLine(p.firstName +""+ p.lastName);
26 }
27 Console.Read();
28 }
29
30 }
31 }
我们知道GetEnumerator()方法返回一个IEnumerator类型的接口,在IEnumerator接口中有一个Current属性来返回当前元素,而其MoveNext()方法又可以移动到集合的下一个元素(有则返回true,无则返回false),如此反复就形成了对整个集合的迭代(具体原理可以参见上面链接的内容)。
二、传统集合的遍历
上面我们谈到Array类实现了IEnumerable接口中的GetEnumerator()方法,因此可以使用foreach来循环遍历,那么我们自己当然也同样可以实现相关接口。
People类
View Code
1 using System;
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class People:IEnumerable
10 {
11 private Person[] _people;
12 public People(Person[] pArray)
13 {
14 _people =new Person[pArray.Length];
15
16 for (int i =0; i < pArray.Length; i++)
17 {
18 _people[i] = pArray[i];
19 }
20 }
21
22 public IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
23 {
24 returnnew PeopleEnum(_people);
25 }
26 }
27 }
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class People:IEnumerable
10 {
11 private Person[] _people;
12 public People(Person[] pArray)
13 {
14 _people =new Person[pArray.Length];
15
16 for (int i =0; i < pArray.Length; i++)
17 {
18 _people[i] = pArray[i];
19 }
20 }
21
22 public IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
23 {
24 returnnew PeopleEnum(_people);
25 }
26 }
27 }
PeopleEnum类
View Code
1 using System;
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class PeopleEnum:IEnumerator
10 {
11 public Person[] _people;
12 int position =-1;
13
14 public PeopleEnum(Person[] list)
15 {
16 _people = list;
17 }
18
19 publicbool MoveNext()
20 {
21 position++;
22 return (position < _people.Length);
23 }
24
25 publicvoid Reset()
26 {
27 position =-1;
28 }
29
30 publicobject Current
31 {
32 get
33 {
34 try
35 {
36 return _people[position];
37 }
38 catch (IndexOutOfRangeException)
39 {
40 thrownew InvalidOperationException();
41 }
42 }
43 }
44 }
45 }
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class PeopleEnum:IEnumerator
10 {
11 public Person[] _people;
12 int position =-1;
13
14 public PeopleEnum(Person[] list)
15 {
16 _people = list;
17 }
18
19 publicbool MoveNext()
20 {
21 position++;
22 return (position < _people.Length);
23 }
24
25 publicvoid Reset()
26 {
27 position =-1;
28 }
29
30 publicobject Current
31 {
32 get
33 {
34 try
35 {
36 return _people[position];
37 }
38 catch (IndexOutOfRangeException)
39 {
40 thrownew InvalidOperationException();
41 }
42 }
43 }
44 }
45 }
在上面People类就实现了IEnumerable接口(当然截至到目前其相关内容也必须实现IEnumerator类),因此我们就可以遍历People类:
View Code
1 using System;
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class Program
10 {
11 /*
12 * 实现IEnumerable(显然目前我们必须先实现IEnumerator)
13 */
14 staticvoid Main(string[] args)
15 {
16 Person[] persons =new Person[] {
17 new Person("Kenshin","Cui"),
18 new Person("Miaoer","Sun"),
19 new Person("Jinjuan","Shen"),
20 new Person("Yanxin","Nie")
21 };
22 People pe =new People(persons);
23 foreach (Person p in pe)
24 {
25 Console.WriteLine(p.firstName +""+ p.lastName);
26 }
27 Console.Read();
28 }
29
30 }
31 }
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class Program
10 {
11 /*
12 * 实现IEnumerable(显然目前我们必须先实现IEnumerator)
13 */
14 staticvoid Main(string[] args)
15 {
16 Person[] persons =new Person[] {
17 new Person("Kenshin","Cui"),
18 new Person("Miaoer","Sun"),
19 new Person("Jinjuan","Shen"),
20 new Person("Yanxin","Nie")
21 };
22 People pe =new People(persons);
23 foreach (Person p in pe)
24 {
25 Console.WriteLine(p.firstName +""+ p.lastName);
26 }
27 Console.Read();
28 }
29
30 }
31 }
三、使用迭代器
截止到现在我们可以看到如果让一个类或结构支持foreach就必须实现整个IEnumerable接口,这显然过于麻烦,毕竟我们不想在这方面花费太多的时间,那么此时我们就来使用迭代器吧。创建迭代器的最常用的方法就是对IEnumerable接口实现GetEnumerator()方法,例如将上面的People类可以写成这样:
View Code
1 using System;
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class People:IEnumerable
10 {
11 private Person[] _people;
12 public People(Person[] pArray)
13 {
14 _people =new Person[pArray.Length];
15
16 for (int i =0; i < pArray.Length; i++)
17 {
18 _people[i] = pArray[i];
19 }
20 }
21
22 public IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
23 {
24 for (int i =0; i < _people.Length; ++i)
25 {
26 yieldreturn _people[i];
27 }
28 }
29 }
30 }
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class People:IEnumerable
10 {
11 private Person[] _people;
12 public People(Person[] pArray)
13 {
14 _people =new Person[pArray.Length];
15
16 for (int i =0; i < pArray.Length; i++)
17 {
18 _people[i] = pArray[i];
19 }
20 }
21
22 public IEnumerator GetEnumerator()
23 {
24 for (int i =0; i < _people.Length; ++i)
25 {
26 yieldreturn _people[i];
27 }
28 }
29 }
30 }
从上面我们可以看到我们完全省略了创建PeopleEnum的过程(事实上我们还可以更简单,下面我们就可以看到,这里主要为了和上面的例子做个对比),当然这一切都归功于迭代器的功劳。迭代器使用yield return语句返回每个元素,yield break终止迭代(其返回类型必须为IEnumerable/IEnumerable、IEnumerator/Ienumerator类型)。yield关键字用于指定返回值,到达yield break时会保存当前位置,直到下次调用迭代器时将从此位置从新开始执行。当编译器见到迭代器时,会自动生成IEnumerable/IEnumerable接口的Current、MoveNext和Dispose方法。
当然可能有朋友到现在还有些模糊,那么您不妨简单的理解为:迭代器就是使用yield帮助我们省去了实现IEnumerator的麻烦(虽然,事实上远不止那么简单)。
之所以今天会想起这个话题,其实是因为偶然看到一段类似下面代码:
View Code
1 using System;
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class Program
10 {
11 privatestatic IList<Person> FilterPeople(IEnumerable<Person> people)
12 {
13 IList<Person> persons =new List<Person>();
14 foreach (Person p in people)
15 {
16 if (p.lastName =="Cui")
17 {
18 persons.Add(p);
19 }
20 }
21 return persons;
22 }
23 staticvoid Main(string[] args)
24 {
25 Person[] persons =new Person[] {
26 new Person("Kenshin","Cui"),
27 new Person("Miaoer","Sun"),
28 new Person("Jinjuan","Shen"),
29 new Person("Yanxin","Nie")
30 };
31 foreach(Person p in FilterPeople(persons))
32 {
33 Console.WriteLine(p.firstName +""+ p.lastName);
34 }
35 Console.Read();
36 }
37 }
38 }
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class Program
10 {
11 privatestatic IList<Person> FilterPeople(IEnumerable<Person> people)
12 {
13 IList<Person> persons =new List<Person>();
14 foreach (Person p in people)
15 {
16 if (p.lastName =="Cui")
17 {
18 persons.Add(p);
19 }
20 }
21 return persons;
22 }
23 staticvoid Main(string[] args)
24 {
25 Person[] persons =new Person[] {
26 new Person("Kenshin","Cui"),
27 new Person("Miaoer","Sun"),
28 new Person("Jinjuan","Shen"),
29 new Person("Yanxin","Nie")
30 };
31 foreach(Person p in FilterPeople(persons))
32 {
33 Console.WriteLine(p.firstName +""+ p.lastName);
34 }
35 Console.Read();
36 }
37 }
38 }
想象一下如果使用迭代块(包含yield语句的方法或属性)会不会更优雅呢:
View Code
1 using System;
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class Program
10 {
11 /*
12 * 使用迭代快简化类似的方法
13 */
14 privatestatic IEnumerable<Person> FilterPeople(IEnumerable<Person> people)
15 {
16 foreach(Person p in people)
17 {
18 if(p.lastName=="Cui")
19 {
20 yieldreturn p;
21 }
22 }
23 }
24 staticvoid Main(string[] args)
25 {
26 Person[] persons =new Person[] {
27 new Person("Kenshin","Cui"),
28 new Person("Miaoer","Sun"),
29 new Person("Jinjuan","Shen"),
30 new Person("Yanxin","Nie")
31 };
32 foreach(Person p in FilterPeople(persons))
33 {
34 Console.WriteLine(p.firstName +""+ p.lastName);
35 }
36 Console.Read();
37 }
38 }
39 }
2 using System.Collections;
3 using System.Collections.Generic;
4 using System.Linq;
5 using System.Text;
6
7 namespace IteratorDemo
8 {
9 class Program
10 {
11 /*
12 * 使用迭代快简化类似的方法
13 */
14 privatestatic IEnumerable<Person> FilterPeople(IEnumerable<Person> people)
15 {
16 foreach(Person p in people)
17 {
18 if(p.lastName=="Cui")
19 {
20 yieldreturn p;
21 }
22 }
23 }
24 staticvoid Main(string[] args)
25 {
26 Person[] persons =new Person[] {
27 new Person("Kenshin","Cui"),
28 new Person("Miaoer","Sun"),
29 new Person("Jinjuan","Shen"),
30 new Person("Yanxin","Nie")
31 };
32 foreach(Person p in FilterPeople(persons))
33 {
34 Console.WriteLine(p.firstName +""+ p.lastName);
35 }
36 Console.Read();
37 }
38 }
39 }
来源:https://www.cnblogs.com/kenshincui/archive/2011/04/04/2005297.html