【C】——strtok()和strtok_r()

下面的说明摘自于最新的Linux内核2.6.29，说明了strtok()这个函数已经不再使用，由速度更快的strsep（）代替

/*
* linux/lib/string.c
*
* Copyright (C) 1991, 1992 Linus Torvalds
*/
/*
* stupid library routines.. The optimized versions should generally be found
* as inline code in <asm-xx/string.h>
*
* These are buggy as well..
*
* * Fri Jun 25 1999, Ingo Oeser <ioe@informatik.tu-chemnitz.de>
* - Added strsep() which will replace strtok() soon (because strsep() is
* reentrant and should be faster). Use only strsep() in new code, please.
*
* * Sat Feb 09 2002, Jason Thomas <jason@topic.com.au>,
* Matthew Hawkins <matt@mh.dropbear.id.au>
* - Kissed strtok() goodbye
*/

strtok()这个函数大家都应该碰到过,但好像总有些问题, 这里着重讲下它

下面我们来看一个例子：

 1 int main() {
 2     
 3     char test1[] = "feng,ke,wei";
 4     
 5     char *test2 = "feng,ke,wei";
 6     
 7     char *p; p = strtok(test1, ",");
 8     
 9     while(p)
10         
11     {   
12         
13         printf("%s\n", p);   
14         
15         p = strtok(NULL, ",");   
16         
17     }
18     
19     return 0;
20     
21 }

运行结果:

feng

wei

但如果用p = strtok(test2, ",")则会出现内存错误,这是为什么呢?是不是跟它里面那个静态变量有关呢? 我们来看看它的原码:

/****strtok.c - tokenize a string with given delimiters**         Copyright (c) Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.**Purpose:*         defines strtok() - breaks string into series of token*         via repeated calls.********************************************************************************/

#include <cruntime.h>#include <string.h>#ifdef _MT#include <mtdll.h>#endif  /* _MT */

/****char *strtok(string, control) - tokenize string with delimiter in control**Purpose:*         strtok considers the string to consist of a sequence of zero or more*         text tokens separated by spans of one or more control chars. the first*         call, with string specified, returns a pointer to the first char of the*         first token, and will write a null char into string immediately*         following the returned token. subsequent calls with zero for the first*         argument (string) will work thru the string until no tokens remain. the*         control string may be different from call to call. when no tokens remain*         in string a NULL pointer is returned. remember the control chars with a*         bit map, one bit per ascii char. the null char is always a control char.*       //这里已经说得很详细了!!比MSDN都好! *Entry:*         char *string - string to tokenize, or NULL to get next token*         char *control - string of characters to use as delimiters**Exit:*         returns pointer to first token in string, or if string*         was NULL, to next token*         returns NULL when no more tokens remain.**Uses:**Exceptions:********************************************************************************/

char * __cdecl strtok (          char * string,          const char * control          ){          unsigned char *str;          const unsigned char *ctrl = control;

          unsigned char map[32];          int count;

#ifdef _MT          _ptiddata ptd = _getptd();#else  /* _MT */          static char *nextoken;                          //保存剩余子串的静态变量      #endif  /* _MT */

          /* Clear control map */          for (count = 0; count < 32; count++)                  map[count] = 0;

          /* Set bits in delimiter table */          do {                  map[*ctrl >> 3] |= (1 << (*ctrl & 7));          } while (*ctrl++);

          /* Initialize str. If string is NULL, set str to the saved           * pointer (i.e., continue breaking tokens out of the string           * from the last strtok call) */          if (string)                  str = string;                               //第一次调用函数所用到的原串

else#ifdef _MT                  str = ptd->_token;#else  /* _MT */                str = nextoken;                        //将函数第一参数设置为NULL时调用的余串

#endif  /* _MT */

          /* Find beginning of token (skip over leading delimiters). Note that           * there is no token iff this loop sets str to point to the terminal           * null (*str == '\0') */          while ( (map[*str >> 3] & (1 << (*str & 7))) && *str )                  str++;

        string = str;                                    //此时的string返回余串的执行结果

          /* Find the end of the token. If it is not the end of the string,           * put a null there. */

//这里就是处理的核心了, 找到分隔符,并将其设置为'\0',当然'\0'也将保存在返回的串中          for ( ; *str ; str++ )                  if ( map[*str >> 3] & (1 << (*str & 7)) ) {                        *str++ = '\0';                //这里就相当于修改了串的内容 ①                          break;                  }

          /* Update nextoken (or the corresponding field in the per-thread data           * structure */#ifdef _MT          ptd->_token = str;#else  /* _MT */        nextoken = str;                   //将余串保存在静态变量中,以便下次调用#endif  /* _MT */

          /* Determine if a token has been found. */          if ( string == str )                return NULL;          else                  return string;1. strtok介绍众所周知，strtok可以根据用户所提供的分割符（同时分隔符也可以为复数比如“，。”）将一段字符串分割直到遇到"\0".比如，分隔符=“，” 字符串=“Fred，John，Ann”通过strtok 就可以把3个字符串 “Fred”      “John”       “Ann”提取出来。上面的C代码为

QUOTE:

int in=0;
char buffer[]="Fred,John,Ann"
char *p[3];
char *buff = buffer;
while((p[in]=strtok(buf,","))!=NULL) {
i++;
buf=NULL; }

如上代码，第一次执行strtok需要以目标字符串的地址为第一参数（buf=buffer），之后strtok需要以NULL为第一参数 (buf=NULL)。指针列p[],则储存了分割后的结果，p[0]="John",p[1]="John",p[2]="Ann"，而buf就变成 Fred\0John\0Ann\0。

2. strtok的弱点
让我们更改一下我们的计划：我们有一段字符串 "Fred male 25,John male 62,Anna female 16" 我们希望把这个字符串整理输入到一个struct，

QUOTE:

struct person {
char [25] name ;
char [6] sex;
char [4] age;
}

要做到这个，其中一个方法就是先提取一段被“，”分割的字符串，然后再将其以“ ”（空格）分割。
比如：截取 "Fred male 25" 然后分割成 "Fred" "male" "25"
以下我写了个小程序去表现这个过程：

 1 #include<stdio.h>
 2 #include<string.h>
 3 #define INFO_MAX_SZ 255
 4 int main()
 5 {
 6     int in=0;
 7     char buffer[INFO_MAX_SZ]="Fred male 25,John male 62,Anna female 16";
 8     char *p[20];
 9     char *buf=buffer;
10     
11     while((p[in]=strtok(buf,","))!=NULL) {
12         buf=p[in];
13         while((p[in]=strtok(buf," "))!=NULL) {
14             in++;
15             buf=NULL;
16         }
17         p[in++]="***"; //表现分割
18         buf=NULL; }
19     
20     printf("Here we have %d strings\n",i);
21     for (int j=0; j<in; j++)
22         printf(">%s<\n",p[j]);
23     return 0;
24 }

这个程序输出为：
Here we have 4 strings
>Fred<
>male<
>25<
>***<
这只是一小段的数据，并不是我们需要的。但这是为什么呢？这是因为strtok使用一个static（静态）指针来操作数据，让我来分析一下以上代码的运行过程：

红色为strtok的内置指针指向的位置，蓝色为strtok对字符串的修改

1. "Fred male 25,John male 62,Anna female 16" //外循环

2. "Fred male 25\0John male 62,Anna female 16" //进入内循环

3.    "Fred\0male 25\0John male 62,Anna female 16"

4.    "Fred\0male\025\0John male 62,Anna female 16"

5 "Fred\0male\025\0John male 62,Anna female 16" //内循环遇到"\0"回到外循环

6   "Fred\0male\025\0John male 62,Anna female 16" //外循环遇到"\0"运行结束。

3. 使用strtok_r
在这种情况我们应该使用strtok_r, strtok reentrant.
char *strtok_r(char *s, const char *delim, char **ptrptr);

相对strtok我们需要为strtok提供一个指针来操作，而不是像strtok使用配套的指针。
代码：

QUOTE:

 1 #include<stdio.h>
 2 #include<string.h>
 3 #define INFO_MAX_SZ 255
 4 int main()
 5 {
 6     int in=0;
 7     char buffer[INFO_MAX_SZ]="Fred male 25,John male 62,Anna female 16";
 8     char *p[20];
 9     char *buf=buffer;
10     
11     char *outer_ptr=NULL;
12     char *inner_ptr=NULL;
13     
14     while((p[in]=strtok_r(buf,",",&outer_ptr))!=NULL) {
15         buf=p[in];
16         while((p[in]=strtok_r(buf," ",&inner_ptr))!=NULL) {
17             in++;
18             buf=NULL;
19         }
20         p[in++]="***";
21         buf=NULL; }
22     
23     printf("Here we have %d strings\n",i);
24     for (int j=0; jn<i; j++)
25         printf(">%s<\n",p[j]);
26     return 0;
27 }

这一次的输出为：
Here we have 12 strings
>Fred<
>male<
>25<
>***<
>John<
>male<
>62<
>***<
>Anna<
>female<
>16<
>***<

让我来分析一下以上代码的运行过程：

红色为strtok_r的outer_ptr指向的位置，
紫色为strtok_r的inner_ptr指向的位置，
蓝色为strtok对字符串的修改

1. "Fred male 25,John male 62,Anna female 16" //外循环

2. "Fred male 25\0John male 62,Anna female 16"//进入内循环

3.   "Fred\0male 25\0John male 62,Anna female 16"

4   "Fred\0male\025\0John male 62,Anna female 16"

5 "Fred\0male\025\0John male 62,Anna female 16" //内循环遇到"\0"回到外循环

6   "Fred\0male\025\0John male 62\0Anna female 16"//进入内循环

原来, 该函数修改了原串.

所以,当使用char *test2 = "feng,ke,wei"作为第一个参数传入时,在位置①处, 由于test2指向的内容保存在文字常量区,该区的内容是不能修改的,所以会出现内存错误. 而char test1[] = "feng,ke,wei" 中的test1指向的内容是保存在栈区的,所以可以修改.

看到这里大家应该会对文字常量区有个更加理性的认识吧.....

补充：其实在使用strtok_r函数的时候，只需声明两个char类型的指针outer_ptr，inner_ptr当做函数的第三个参数即可；

例：

解析URL中的路径和查询字符串。例如：http://www.google.cn/search?complete=1&hl=zh-CN&ie=GB2312&q=linux&meta=

 1 #include <stdio.h>
 2 #include <string.h>
 3 
 4 #define MAX_STR 200
 5 
 6 void strtok_r_text()
 7 {
 8     char value[MAX_STR] = "http://www.google.cn/search?complete=1&hl=zh-CN&ie=GB2312&q=linux&meta=";
 9     
10     //char value[MAX_STR] = "tom&math&120?jim&math&110";
11     char *str;
12     char *buf = value;
13     
14     char *one_ptr = NULL;
15     char *two_ptr = NULL;
16     char *three_ptr = NULL;
17 
18     while((str = strtok_r(buf,"?",&one_ptr)) != NULL)
19     {
20         buf = str;
21         while((str = strtok_r(buf,"&",&two_ptr)) != NULL)
22         {
23             buf = str;
24             while((str = strtok_r(buf,"=",&three_ptr)) != NULL)
25             {
26                 puts(str);
27                 buf = NULL;    
28             }
29             buf = NULL;
30         }
31         buf = NULL;
32 
33     }    
34 }
35 
36 int main(void)
37 {
38     strtok_r_text();
39     return 0;
40 }

此时就会按照预想的结果把截取的字符串输出了！

来源：https://www.cnblogs.com/ngnetboy/p/3149929.html

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