MySQL的SQL语句

☆樱花仙子☆ 提交于 2020-03-05 20:59:01

须知:

SQL语言:结构化查询语言,是关系型数据库查询语言的标准,不同的数据库虽然有自己私有扩展,但关键词都支持:(select、update、delete、insert、where)

SQL语句分类:像Oracle、MSSQL都是通用的

DDL:数据定义语言(create、alter、drop、rename)

DML:数据库维护语言(select、insert、update、delete)

DCL:数据库控制语言,权限(Grant、revoke)

TCL:事务控制语言(commt、sarepqint):新型的语句

一、数据库增删改查

根据这个表结构以下来操作:

select * from user;

基本操作

1.创建数据库

create database name;

 

2.删除数据库

drop database name;

 

3.创建一个用户表

create table user(id int,name varchar(30),pass varchar(30));

 

4.插入数据

insert into user(id,name,pass) values("1","zhangsan","123");

 

5.删除一个表

drop table user;

 

6.查看表字段

desc table user;

 

7.查看表数据

select * from user;

 

8.修改表名

rename table user to tab1;

 

9.更新数据

update user set pass="newpass" where pass=123;  #把密码更新为newpass

update user set id=10,name='lisi' where id=1;   #把id记录的name更新为id10和name为lisi

 

10.重命名字段名

alter table user change pass newname varchar(30); 

 

11.表中添加一个字段

alter table user add age int;

 

12.修改字段

alter table user modify age int no null default 20; #当年龄输入为空时,默认为20岁

 

13.删除表中的一个字段

alter table user drop age;

 

14.删除一条记录

delete from user where id=1;

 

15.查找一条记录

select id,name,pass from user where id=1;

 

16.删除ID记录

delete from user where id>=3 id<=5;             #删除大于3小于5的id

delete from user where id in(1,3,5);            #删除1,3,5的id

delete from user where id=1 or id=3 or id=5;       #删除1,3,5的id

delete from user where id between 1 and 5;       #删除1至5的id

 

高级查询

1.返回结果删除重复项

select distinct id from user;

 

2.查询字段中为NULL

select * from where pass is null;  

select * from where pass is not null; #查询不为NULL的

 

3.like模糊查询,包含zhang的列出来

select * from user where name like '%zhang%';

select * from user where name like '%zhang%' or name like '%li%';#查找包含zhang或li的列出来

 

也可以使用正则表达式查询,生产环境一般不用的,因为查询慢,效果一样

select * from user where name regexp 'li';

 
4.使用order by对查询结果排序(升序/降序),默认是升序

select id,name,pass from user order by id asc/desc;

 

5.使用limit取出排名前三个

select * from user  order by id desc limit 3;

 

6.concat函数使用-字符串连接符

mysql> select id,name,pass,concat(id,'_',name) idname from user;

+----+----------+------+------------+

| id | name     | pass | idname     |

+----+----------+------+------------+

|  1 | zhangsan | 123  | 1_zhangsan |

|  2 | lisi     | 123  | 2_lisi     |

|  3 | zhaowu   | 123  | 3_zhaowu   |

+----+----------+------+------------+

 

7.rand函数随机排序,如随机抽取前三名

select * from user order by rand() limit 3;

 

8.count统计,如统计多少个id记录

select count(*) count from user; 

 

#count为自定义显示查询结果后字段名,*为mysql优化后的查询方法,要比直接写入id效率高

select count(id) from user where name='zhangsan'; #统计zhangsan多少条记录

 

9.sum求和,如统计同消费了多少钱

select sum(id) from user where name='lisi';  #所有id数加在一起

 

10.avg平均数,如求班级平均分

select avg(id) from user;  

 

11.max最大值,如得到一个最高分

select max(id) from user;

 

12.min最小值

select min(id) from user;

 

13.group by分组聚合

select name,count(id) from user group by name order by desc;  

 

#使用count来聚合,基于name分组,再order by排序下(一般排名都使用分组聚合)

select name,count(id) count from user group by name having count>=3;

#查询前三名,having是对分组的结果进行筛选,这不能用where,count代表查询结果后显示的字段名

 

14.普通多表查询(前提:两个表必须有关系)

先创建两个有关系的表:

create table user(id int unsigned auto_increment primary key,name varchar(30),age int);

create table post(id int unsigned auto_increment primary key,uid int,title varchar(200),content text);

 

结果一:查询用户发的所有记录

select user.name,post.title,post.content from user,post where user.id=post.uid;

 

结果二:统计每个用户有多少个记录

select user.name,post.title,post.content count(id) from user,post where user.id=post.uid group by user.name;

 

15.联表查询(查询成绩)

mysql> select * from tb1;

+------+----------+

| id   | name     |

+------+----------+

|    1 | zhangsan |

|    2 | lisi     |

+------+----------+

mysql> select * from tb2;

+------+-------+

| id   | score |

+------+-------+

|    1 |    80 |

|    2 |    81 |

+------+-------+

mysql> select tb1.name,tb2.score from tb1,tb2 where tb1.id = tb2.id;

+----------+-------+

| name     | score |

+----------+-------+

| zhangsan |    80 |

| lisi     |    81 |

+----------+-------+

 

二、表字段类型

1.数值

int(size):整型,只能存整数数字,不能为空,默认允许输入null,也可以设置不允许写(not null)

float:浮点型,可以写入整数或浮点数

1.1字段属性

unsigned:无符号,全是整数

zerofill:与长度无关,不够3位时前面补0,默认看不见

null与not null:允许输入null和不允许输入

default:不允许null情况下,当输入空时,则使用默认值

auto_increment:一般自增ID

1.2示例

例如,设置id为自增:

create table user(id int unsigned auto_increment primary key,name varchar(30),pass varchar(30));

 

primary key:有auto_increment必须设置为主键索引,提供查询速度,再插入就不用写id列了,如果你写了,就以你写的为准,继续自增。

例如,创建一个表,当输入性别为空时,默认则为男:

create table user2(id int unsigned auto_increment primary key,name varchar(30),sex varchar(5) not null default "nan");

 

查看字段信息:

mysql> desc user2;

+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| Field | Type             | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |

+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| id    | int(10) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |

| name  | varchar(30)      | YES  |     | NULL    |                |

| sex   | varchar(5)       | NO   |     | nan     |                |

+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 

2.字符串

char(size):占用size的字节,但查询速度快,最大支持255个字符

varchar(size):存多少占多少,剩点空间,最大支持65535个字符

text:支持65535字节

longtext:支持42亿字节

3.日期类型(有的会使用int类型来存时间戳)

以下是官方说法占用的字节,但实际会有不符。

date:年月日,占用3个字节

time:时分秒,占用3个字节

datetime:年月日时分秒,占用8个字节

year:年,占用1个字节

三、用户管理

1.设置Mysql密码

方法一:

set password=password('newpass');

 

方法二:

update user set password=password('newpass') where user='root';

 

方法三:

grant all on *.* to 'root'@'localhost' identified by 'newpass';

 

再刷新:

flush privileges;

 

2.创建用户并授权

grant all privileges on *.* to 'user'@'localhost' identified by 'pass';

*.*:对应的是数据库/表的权限

localhost:只允许本地访问,也可以设置%为所有访问

 

3.撤销用户权限

revoke all privileges on *.* from 'root'@'localhost' identified by 'pass';

 

四、数据库字符集

1.查看服务器基本信息\s

mysql> \s
--------------
mysql  Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.5.34, for Linux (x86_64) using  EditLine wrapper
Connection id:          141700
Current database:       lab
Current user:           root@localhost
SSL:                    Not in use
Current pager:          stdout
Using outfile:          ''
Using delimiter:        ;
Server version:         5.5.34-log Source distribution
Protocol version:       10
Connection:             Localhost via UNIX socket
Server characterset:    latin1
Db     characterset:    latin1
Client characterset:    latin1
Conn.  characterset:    latin1
UNIX socket:            /tmp/mysql.sock
Uptime:                 47 days 4 hours 54 min 1 sec
Threads: 4  Questions: 189434783  Slow queries: 1  Opens: 283512  Flush tables: 23  Open tables: 46  Queries per second avg: 46.447
--------------

可以看到四种默认字符集是latin1,修改四种默认字符集,client和connection两个要是一样的。

set character_set_server=utf8;

set character_set_database=utf8;

set character_set_client=utf8;

set character_set_connection=utf8;

 

也可以修改my.cnf默认字符集

[mysqld]

character_set_server=utf8

[mysql]

default-character-set=utf8

 

重启mysql!

2.查看创建数据库时使用的字符集

show create database mydb;

 

五、创建表字段索引

1.主键索引

 1.1创建一个主键索引,一般创建表时已经设置

alter table user add primary key(id);

 

 1.2删除一个主键索引

 alter table user drop primary key;

 

2.普通索引

 2.1创建一个普通索引

alter table user add index index_name(name);

 

 2.2删除一个普通索引

alter table user drop index index_name;

 

 2.3查看主键索引和普通索引

show index from user;

 show keys from user; 

注:修改字段名不影响索引。

 

3.查看表中创建的索引

mysql> desc user2;

+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| Field | Type             | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |

+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

| id    | int(10) unsigned | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |

| name  | varchar(30)      | YES  | MUL | NULL    |                |

| pass  | varchar(30)      | YES  |     | NULL    |                |

+-------+------------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

上面key中的PRI代表是主键索引,MUL代表是普通索引。

 

4.查看索引信息

mysql> show index from user2;

+-------+------------+------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+

| Table | Non_unique | Key_name   | Seq_in_index | Column_name | Collation | Cardinality | Sub_part | Packed | Null | Index_type | Comment | Index_comment |

+-------+------------+------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+

| user2 |          0 | PRIMARY    |            1 | id          | A         |           1 |     NULL | NULL   |      | BTREE      |         |               |

| user2 |          1 | index_name |            1 | name        | A         |           1 |     NULL | NULL   | YES  | BTREE      |         |               |

+-------+------------+------------+--------------+-------------+-----------+-------------+----------+--------+------+------------+---------+---------------+

2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

 可以看到user表,做了PRIMARY主键索引和index_name名字的普通索引。

 

5.测试是否使用索引

mysql> desc select id,name from user2 where name='zhangsan';

+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+

| id | select_type | table | type | possible_keys | key        | key_len | ref   | rows | Extra                    |

+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+

|  1 | SIMPLE      | user2 | ref  | index_name    | index_name | 33      | const |    1 | Using where; Using index |

+----+-------------+-------+------+---------------+------------+---------+-------+------+--------------------------+

1 row in set (0.00 sec)

用desc检测语句,可以看到查询一条张三的记录,使用了普通索引index_name这个名字,检索了一行(rows)就找到了这条记录。

 
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